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Environmental health is defined as the control of the factors (因素) in the environment that may have harmful effects on people’s physical, mental, or social well-being (安乐). Because natural disasters expose people to danger by bringing up or threatening their immediate environment, effective management of environmental health after a natural disaster is of great importance.

The environmental health measures that must be considered after a natural disaster include the supply of appropriate shelter for individuals or groups of people left homeless, the distribution (分配) of safe and accessible water, and the protection and distribution of safe food products and so on.

To effectively manage environmental health during and after a disaster, it is important that a state of preparation is in effect before the event actually occurs. During an emergency, success largely depends on making good, rapid judgment and appropriate response measures. High-level decision makers, therefore, must be familiar with sound measures beforehand and should be given an accurate judgment of the disaster’s specific effects as quickly as possible.

This book is intended to serve as a guide for those who may be called upon to make emergency decisions after disaster strikes. The recommended environmental health measures have been listed in the order of priority in which they should be taken during an emergency. However, each natural disaster is unique in the degree or type of emergency. In response to any given disaster, decision makers may find it necessary to change the priority assigned to any particular measure.

1.The first paragraph is mainly to _____.

2.In order to effectively cope with the emergency, the most important is that _____.

3.We can’t do just as the recommended environmental health measures because _____.

4.The best title of this passage should be _____.

On April 10, 1815, Mount Tambora in Indonesia erupted with great force. Fifty cubic kilometers of magma (岩浆) flew from its peak (山顶) and a blanket of ash as thick as one centimeter fell over more than 500,000 square kilometers of Indonesia and the Java Sea. The eruption destroyed Tambora’s peak and formed a hole six by seven kilometers wide. The eruption and resulting tsunamis killed 10,000 people. The agricultural loss and disease brought about by the thick ash caused the deaths of 82,000 more.

Indonesia was rocked again in 1883. On August 26, a small volcano on an uninhabited island between Sumatra and Java, erupted. The eruption produced an ash cloud 80 kilometers high and was heard in Australia—4,800 kilometers away. The eruption also caused a tsunami, which pounded (击打) the shores of Java and Sumatra—killing 36,000 people.

In 1902, St. Pierre was a thriving (兴盛的) community and the largest town on the French colony of Martinique in the Caribbean Sea. Mont Pelee cast a shadow over the town from where it stood, eight kilometers to the north. The townspeople were used to the light continuous sounds of the mountain, but in May, 1902 Pelee started to get really unstable. Clouds of steam and ash poured from the volcano and on May 8, Pelee erupted. Superheated gas and steaming volcanic ash flew out, pouring down the mountain at high speed. Within seconds, the deadly gas cloud had destroyed the town of St. Pierre and incinerated everyone in it — except one prisoner in a basement cell. It was the worst volcano disaster of the 20th century.

1.How many people died because of the eruption on April 10, 1815 ?

2.The underlined word “incinerated” in the last paragraph can be replaced by “_____”.

3.Only one prisoner survived the volcano eruption of Mont Pelee on May 8 because _____.

4. We can know from this article that _____.

I am sure many people have said about me, “He must be the happiest man in the world!” But they were wrong. 36   I was famous and had 37 money, I was not really happy. I found myself asking, “ 38  does all this not give me real happiness?”

Newspapers said, “Kriss Akabusi is the European champion. He has also  39   an Olympic bronze medal.” Now before all this happened, I had  40  , “If I can become a champion, I will be happy. I will  41   a lot of money and then enjoy  42  . I will have a good time.”

When I went to the Edinburgh Games, in my hotel  43  I found a book by my bedside. It was called What’s Real Happiness in Life? I  44   this book up and read some of the stories in it. The book mainly told about the happiness brought by helping others. But I said to  45  , “All these things are too  46   for me to do.”

But that night I had a  47  . I found myself standing by a river. I 48   a voice calling to me from the other side of the river. The voice said, “You know helping others is as  49   as crossing the river, and it’s not as difficult as you imagine.” Then suddenly I awoke. I realized I was  50   now when compared to before. I found I had real  51   of mind.

So I can now tell my friends what I have  52  . Being famous and having a lot of money  53   gave me happiness. So all I can say to you is this—we are  54   when we think that to be famous and rich will make us happy. Now I have a children’s TV program called Record Breakers. I have no  55   about what tomorrow will bring.

It’s cloudy outside. Please take an umbrella. _______ it rains.

When and where to go for our holiday _____ yet.