The Nobel Prize Winners in Literature Ra...

Robots will create double the number of jobs that they will destroy, according to the World Economic Forum (WEF), but there will be significant shifts in the structure of America’s workforce that may impact everyone. The report says that 75 million jobs will be replaced by artificial intelligence (AI), robotics and automation. But it also suggests that 133 million new jobs may be created as organizations shift the balance between human workers and machines.

It is a widely held belief that routine, low-skilled jobs are most at risk for automation, but the report shows that many middle-class roles are also at risk. Financial analysts, accountants and lawyers could all see significant changes by 2022. But manual workers could be among the hardest hit.

Meanwhile, there could be a huge change in the structure of the workforce, with the executives surveyed by WEF expecting a shift away from full-time work to flexible employment with a focus on productivity.

All industries expect big skills gaps, stating that at least 50 percent of their workforce will require reskilling of some degree. The aviation, travel and tourism industry will have the largest demand for reskilling.

（写作内容）

1.用约30个单词概述短文的主要内容；

2.用约120个单词发表你的观点，内容包括:

(1) 这一现象产生的原因有哪些(不少于两点)；

(2) 面对即将到来的“智能时代”你所做的准备。

（写作要求）

1.阐述观点或提供论据时，不能直接引用原文语句；

2.作文中不能出现真实姓名和学校名称；

3.不必写标题。

（评分标准）内容完整，语言规范，语篇连贯，词数适当。

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Who’s Really Addicting You To Technology?

“Nearly everyone I know is addicted in some measure to the Internet”, wrote Tony Schwartz in The New York Times. It’s a common complaint these days. A steady stream of similar headlines accuses the Net and its offspring apps, social media sites and online games of addicting us to distraction.

There’s little doubt that nearly everyone who comes in contact with the Net has difficulty disconnecting. Then who’s at fault for its overuse? To find solutions, it’s important to understand what we’re dealing with. There are four parties cooperating to keep you connected: the tech, your boss, your friends and you.

The technologies themselves and their makers are the easiest suspects to blame for our distraction. Online services like Facebook, Google, twitter and the like rely on advertising revenue, so the more frequently you use them, the more money they make. No wonder these companies employ teams of people focused on improving their services to be as attractive as possible.

Good as these services are, there are simple steps we can take to keep them from coming too close. However, less than 15 percent of smartphone users are willing to adjust their notification settings  meaning the remaining 85 percent of us default to (默认)the app makers’ every preset devices.

While companies like Facebook harvest attention to generate revenue from advertisers, other technologies have no such agenda. Take email, for example. We check email at all hours of the day  we’re obsessed, because that’s what the boss wants. For almost all white-collar jobs, email is the primary tool of corporate communication. A slow response to a message could hurt not only your reputation but also your livelihood.

Your friends are also responsible for the addiction. Think about this familiar scene. People gathered around a table, enjoying food and each others’ company. Then, during an interval in the conversation, someone takes out their phone to check who knows what. Barely anyone notices and no one says a thing.

The reality is taking one’s phone out at the wrong time is more than an impolite behavior because, unlike other minor offense, checking tech is contagious (传染). Once one person looks at their phone, other people tend to do the same, starting a chain reaction.

Hie technology, your boss, and your friends, all influence how often you find yourself using (or overusing) these gadgets. But there’s still someone who deserves careful examination  the person holding the phone.

When people are doing something difficult they’d rather not do, the phone is used to transport them elsewhere. They can easily escape discomfort temporarily, by answering email or browsing the web under the excuse of so-called “research”. The truth is that we are working unproductively out of our bad habits.

Personal technology is indeed more attractive than ever, which doesn’t mean we shouldn’t attempt to control our use of technology, instead, we should come to terms with the fact that it’s more than the technology that’s responsible for our habits. Our workplace culture, social norms and individual behaviors all play a part.

When my vision-challenged daughter was 3, and I was pregnant with my second child, we got her glasses. It was a long process involving many different opticians (配镜师)over the course of a year, because of my daughter’s overwhelming desire to scream and fly into a temper any time we tried to have her eyes examined. The fourth optician was amazing  while my daughter didn’t cooperate, she performed various miracles and managed what she called a “best guess” at her prescription.

“Start with this,” she said. “When she realizes she can see better, bring her back, and we can try for something more accurate.”

I didn’t want to pay $300 for glasses that might be replaced in a month’s time, so I decided to bring her straight to a Walmart optical. Things were going on well, until the optician needed to take an additional measurement, which would involve holding a ruler up to her eyes and measuring the distance between the outer corner of one eye and the inner corner of the other.

“Are you sure you need the measurement?” I asked. “She’s really not cooperative when it comes to the eye-testing stuff.”

“We definitely need to have it, we can’t fill her prescription without it.” the optician said.

But my daughter would not let the optician anywhere near her face with the small plastic ruler. She started yelling and crying, and we took her off to the side and promised we’d get ice cream afterward if she let the nice lady hold the ruler near her nose! The optician gave us the ruler, thinking we would have an easier time, but when my daughter knew we needed to hold the ruler near her face, which, in toddler logic, meant a life-or-death situation, she prevented us from getting anywhere near her.

Finally, my husband and I agreed that one of us would have to hold her down and the other would take the measurement. I sat on the floor trying to hold her head still while my husband tried to get an accurate reading on that stupid ruler. Despite her struggle and scream, we finally got it. My daughter stopped crying three seconds later and went back to play as if nothing had happened.

There is no version of this story where I feel comfortable us even if it was for her own good. I felt awful  wondering, if magically know what to say to get her cooperation? The weeks spent with a special book about wearing glasses, telling her how great glasses were... I could feel tears welling up and I thought, “I can’t cry. I’m sitting on the floor of a Walmart optical centre. I can’t cry here.”

And there it was  the final thing I could not bear. It w already reduced me to sitting on the floor of a Walmart optical p toddler down to press a ruler against her face and do it for the packed Saturday audience of all the Walmart checkout counters. I cried. Big, shoulder-shaking sobs. Sitting right there on the floor of a Walmart, behind the optical counter.

Five days later, the Walmart optical centre called. They said my daughter’s glasses were ready for pickup and I should schedule an appointment with the optician so that we can have them properly fitted. I said I’d be picking up the glasses alone and we would do the fitting another day. She insisted that the fitting was crucial, to which I replied, “I don’t know if you were working last Saturday, but my daughter is really not cooperating on this whole glasses thing. I’d prefer to just pick them up.” Silence. Then she said, “I was there last Saturday, I remember you. Absolutely, you can pick them up any time.”

1.Why did the daughter scream and yell when the measurement was taken for her glasses?

A. Because she didn’t like the opticians.

B. Because she was afraid that she would die.

C. Because her parents didn’t give her ice cream.

D. Because she had little knowledge of taking measurement for glasses.

2.In Para 1, the writer described the work of the fourth optician in a(n) _________tone.

A. ironic    B. straightforward    C. critical    D. approving

3.Why did the writer cry in the Walmart?

A. Because she found it hard to educate her daughter.

B. Because she felt she could have done in a better way.

C. Because she strongly felt a sense of failure as a mother.

D. Because she felt it a shame to be watched by so many customers.

4.According to the last paragraph, the optician in the Walmart can be described as ________.

A. tolerant    B. trustworthy    C. considerate    D. casual

5.Which of the following can best serve as the title of the passage?

A. A story of glasses

B. My big fat Walmart cry

C. A great lesson for parents

D. My struggle with my daughter

Going to university is supposed to be a mind-broadening experience.

That assumption is possibly made in contrast to training for work straight after school. But is it actually true? Jessika Golle of the University of Tubingen, Germany, thought she would try to find out.

Her result, however, is not quite what might be expected. It shows that those who have been to university do indeed seem to leave with broader and more inquiring minds than those who have spent their immediate post-school years in vocational training for work. However, it is not the case that university broadens minds. Rather, work seems to narrow them.

After studying the early career of 2095 German youngsters, Dr. Golle reached the conclusion.

During the period under investigation, Germany had three tracks in its schools: a low one for pupils who would most probably leave school early and enter vocational training; a high one for those almost certain to enter university; and an intermediate one, from which there was a choice between the academic and vocational routes.

The team used two standardized tests to assess their volunteers. One was of personality traits and the other of attitudes. They administered both tests twice  once towards the end of each volunteer’s time at school, and then again six years later.

Of the original group, 382 were on the intermediate track, and it was on these that the researchers focused. Of them, 212 went to university and the remaining 170 chosen for vocational training and a job.

When it came to the second round of tests, Dr Golle found that the personalities of those who had gone to university had not apparently changed. Those who had undergone vocational training and then got jobs were not that much changed in personality, either  except in one crucial respect  they had become more responsible.

That sounds like a good thing, compared with the common public image of undergraduates as a bunch of pampered layabouts(娇生惯养的闲人). But changes in attitude the researchers recorded were more worrying. In the university group, again, none were detectable. But those who had chosen the vocational route showed marked drops in interest in tasks that are investigative and enterprising in nature.

And that might restrict their choice of careers. Some investigative and enterprising jobs, such as scientific research, are, indeed off limits to the degreeless.

But many, particularly in Germany, with its tradition of vocational training, are not. The researchers mention, for example, computer programmers, finance-sector workers and entrepreneurs as careers requiring these attributes.

If Dr Golle is correct, and changes in attitude brought about by the very training Germany prides itself on are narrowing people’s choices, that is indeed a matter of concern.

1.Compared with students going to university, those choosing the vocational route__________.

A. show more changes in their attitudes

B. find it more difficult to land suitable jobs

C. are more interested in tasks related to science

D. are more responsible and do their work better

2.The underlined word “detectable” in Para.9 can be replaced by___________.

A. desirable    B. predictable    C. noticeable    D. changeable

3.Which of the following is TRUE according to the passage?

A. University graduates don’t need to receive training at all.

B. Germany should change the tradition of vocational training.

C. People without a degree may find a limit to their choices of careers.

D. In comparison with vocational training, universities can greatly broaden people’s minds.

4.In which column of a magazine can you find the passage?

A. Science.    B. Culture.    C. Economy.    D. Education.

In 2016, designer Liz Ciokajlo received a task from the Museum of Modern Art (Moma) in New York: revisit the Moon Boot, a fluffy-looking snowshoe inspired by the footwear used by the Apollo astronauts.

Launched in 1972 at the height of the lunar missions, the Moon Boot is an icon of the 20th Century’s “plastic age” and the museum administrators wanted a new take on it.

Ciokajlo set out to reimagine it. She knew only a biomaterial would work in a “post-plastic age”, but the designer also wanted a new destination to inspire it. Our generation’s space travel obsession is not the Moon, she thought, but the red planet Mars. And Mars allows you to really think outside of the box.

The task led her to an amazing biomaterial that had already attracted the attention of engineers innovating m building materials and of top space agencies like NASA and ESA. Her final design, a tall, female, rough-looking boot, can be made on board a spaceship with almost only human sweat and a few fungus spores (真菌孢子), ideal for a seven-month trip to Mars with limited check-in luggage.

This magic biomaterial is mycelium (菌丝体), the vegetative part of the fungus It looks like amass of white thread-like structures, each called hyphae. Collectively, these threads are called mycelium and are the largest part of the fungus.

Mycelium has amazing properties. It is a great recycler, as it feeds off a substrate to create more material, and has the potential of almost limitless growth in the right conditions. It can endure more pressure than conventional concrete without breaking. It is a known insulator and fire-retardant and could even provide radiation protection on space missions.

On Earth it’s currently used to create ceiling panels, leather, packaging materials and building materials, but in outer space it stands out for its architectural potential, says artist and engineer Maurizio Montalti, who has teamed up with Ciokajlo.

For her revisited boot, Ciokajlo wanted to use the human body as the source for some of the building materials and decided to employ sweat. Reusing sweat is not entirely new in space exploration but a novelty approach for footwear. She thinks it might make astronauts feel closer to home during the long journey to Mars.

The design is still hypothetical, because the real boot submitted for Moma  and currently in display at the London Design Museum  did use mycelium but not human sweat, as their deadline was too tight, but the science checks out.

1.The sentences “‘Mars has always been a place where you can dream. It is a place where you can reimagine how to live on Earth.’ Ciokajlo says.” w should be put__________.

A. between Para. 1 and Para.2    B. between Para. 2 and Para.3

C. between Para.3 and Para.4    D. between Para. 4 and Para.5

2.According to the passage, which of the following Doesn’t belong to the characteristics of mycelium?

A. It can be recyclable.

B. It can protect people from radiation.

C. It can grow without limit whatever the condition.

D. Compared with conventional concrete, it can endure more pressure.

3.Which of the following is TRUE according to the passage?

A. The new design will be used for moon exploration.

B. It will be some time before the new design is put into actual use.

C. Mycelium has been currently widely used, especially in outer space.

D. Human sweat wasn’t used in the design because of some drawbacks.

4.The author takes a(n) ___________attitude towards the new design.

A. optimistic    B. indifferent    C. objective    D. doubtful