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    We are surrounded by messages trying to get our attention. Advertisers, politicians and other groups all try to get us to agree with them. 1. Propaganda is not always a bad thing, but it often hides the truth about a topic. Its very similar to advertising, whose goal is to get people to buy something, while propaganda is to change what people believe.

Propaganda Techniques

To create propaganda, a common technique is name-calling. A politician might call someone a traitor or liar, which makes the other person look bad. Another is the trend technique. People want to be on the side in the favor. 2. Some propaganda is based on fear. It scares people into choosing a certain side or taking action, which might not be bad.   Anti—smoking campaigns are one example. They may scare people into thinking that if they smoke, they will get cancer.

3.

Propaganda is used by many groups, such as businesses, politicians and the government .It is spread through posters, television and radio. The Internet makes it easy to send messages to the whole world.

Types of Propaganda

Political propaganda has been around as long as there have been politicians 4.People have used it for many years. War propaganda began during World War I, more than 100 years ago.

To see if propaganda is saying the truth, people need to do extra work. For example, ads might always sound like they're true. But before you believe them, try to think about who created and paid for them. Find out why they did it. 5.

A.Propaganda Targets

B.Propaganda Mediums

C.Another word for this is propaganda

D. So most people will agree with those politicians

E.Then, you can decide if they're being honest or not

F.However, religious propaganda was actually the first official one

G.People might join someone who claims to be popular or winning

 

1.C 2.G 3.B 4.F 5.E 【解析】 本文为说明文,主要介绍了宣传的作用,手段,传播媒介以及种类。 1.根据下文Propaganda is not always a bad thing, but it often hides the truth about a topic.可知,此处应出现Propaganda,由此可知生活中的信息欲引起人们的广泛关注;广告商、政客和其它群体试图让人们同意他们的观点,都离不开宣传造势,C选项,这种现象还有一个名称叫做宣传,该句引出了主题,切题,故选C。 2.根据本段可知,主要的宣传手段有:贴标签、从众宣传以及引发恐惧等,G选项,人们都想加入受欢迎或者获胜的人,该句为从众宣传的具体表现,切题,故选G。 3.第三段主要介绍宣传的传播途径,主要通过海报、电视、广播以及互联网,故选B。 4.第四段主要介绍宣传的三种主要类别:政治宣传、宗教宣传和战争宣传, F选项,宗教宣传实际上就是第一类宣传,很早就被人们使用,切题,故选F。 5.根据前一句Find out why they did it.通过了解宣传者的意图和目的,才能知晓宣传的真实性,故选E。
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    Have you ever spent an afternoon in the backyardmaybe grilling or enjoying a basketball game, when suddenly you notice that everything goes quiet? There is an old phrase “calm before the storm",often used in a situation—a quiet period just before a great activity or. excitement. According to our own experience, we know there is actually calm before the storm. But what causes this calm? And is it always calm before the storm? Let's hear what scientists have to say..

A period of calm happens in a particular kind of storm, the simplest kind of storm—a single-cell thunderstorm. In this type of thunderstorm, there is usually only one main updraft, which is warm, damp air and drawn from places near the ground. Storms need warm and damp air as fuel, so they typically draw that air in from surrounding environment. Storms can draw in the air that fit their need from all directions—even from the direction in which the storm is traveling.

As the warm, damp air is pulled into a storm system, it leaves a low-pressure vacuum(真 空)coming after. The rising air meets the cold dry air that has already existed in the storm clouds, thus the temperature of the warm, damp air drops, and the water vapour(水蒸汽)in it changes into tiny drops that are a precondition of rain. These drops accumulate and build on larger particles like dust, until they grow large enough to form raindrops.

This warm, damp air keeps moving upwards, but it becomes cooler and drier during its trip through cloud. When it reaches the top of the cloud, the air gets spit out(被挤出)at the top. This air is sent rolling out over the big thunderclouds. From there, the air goes down. Warm and dry air is relatively stable, and once it covers a region, that air, in turn, causes the calm before a storm.

Most thunderstorms, though, don't start with calm. That's because most are actually groups of storms with complex wind patterns. There's so much air moving up and down storm groups that the calm before the storm never happens. Instead, before the storm, might be really windy!

1.Which best fits the description of a particular kind of storm?

A. A thunderstorm with a single shape.

B. A thunderstorm without strong winds.

C. A storm with air drawn from every directi on.

D. A storm fueled by moving air from the ground.

2.What does the underlined word “it” in Paragraph 3 refer to?

A. Cold and dry air. B. Warm and dry air.

C. Cold and damp air. D. Warm and damp air.

3.Which does the writer most likely agree to?

A. Presence of the calm relies on stable air.

B. Not all thunderstorms start with the calm.

C. The drier the air is, the bigger the storm will be.

D. Storm happens without air moving up and down.

4.What is the passage mainly about?

A. Causes and effects of a heavy storm.

B. A brief description of a peaceful storm.

C. A personal experience of a heavy storm.

D. An explanation of the calm before a storm.

 

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    The hemlock(铁杉) trees along the Wappinger Creek, New York, look healthy. However, scientist Gary Lovett says the white balls which provide protection for the bugs are created by a tiny insect. It’s hard to believe the tiny bug could kill a tree. However, trees can end up with millions and millions of the pests. When there are that many, it ends up killing the tree.

The bug from East Asia is slowly killing trees across the USA. The troublemaking bug is just one of many invasive(入侵的) pests that have slipped into the United States. They can hurt other living things in their new home.

Many invasive pests arrive on wooden pallets piled inside shipping containers. They support and separate goods, and keep them from sliding around. Invasive pests often tunnel into the pallets.  How can we stop pests from riding on pallets? Lovett says new rules are needed. The companies that make pallets don’t want more rules. Congress has added an amendment(修正案) in the 2018 Farm Bill to try and prevent this problem. However, Lovett is not hopeful it will make much of a difference. Pallets are checked by inspectors. Many are sprayed with bugkilling pesticide. “I believe in the system,” said Brent McClendon, president of The National Wooden Pallet and Container Association. He also said shipping containers are checked very carefully.

Still, each year 13 million containers are shipped to the U.S. Each is full of wooden pallets. Lovett says: “Inspectors can’t possibly check everything. All it takes are a few bad pallets; we should get rid of wooden pallets.” He believes pallets should be made of plastic or ecocomposite wood. Ecocomposite wood is a mix of wood fiber and plastic. Insects cannot hide into it. One problem is that these choices cost more. They may be worth the extra money, though. Invasive pests cost the U.S. $5 billion a year. Trees dont just die in forests. They also die in cities and our yards. Then, they need to be replaced. That costs money, too.

1.All the statements are TRUE except that ________.

A. pesticide has been applied to bugkilling

B. invasive pests are native to Wappinger Creek

C. invasive pests hide in pallets used in shipping

D. the companies making pallets dont want more rules

2.What can we infer from the passage?

A. Bugs can be easily spotted by eyes.

B. Bugs ruin the shipping goods slowly.

C. Bugs wont bother the tree if just in few numbers.

D. Bugs cover trees with white soft balls for protection.

3.Why does Gary Lovett want to get rid of wooden pallets?

A. Because insects mostly die in them.

B. Because plastic pallets are ecofriendly.

C. Because they are not worth extra money.

D. Because they are the major pest carriers.

4.What does the passage mainly talk about?

A. Invasive pests are harming plants in the USA.

B. Effective measures have stopped the pest invasion.

C. Congress contributes a lot to dealing with invasive pests.

D. Ecosystem in the USA is poorly damaged by invasive woods.

 

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    While staring out of the window during a flight, not everyone will think carefully about the question why airplanes have rounded windows rather than square ones.

Over the years, aerospace engineering has made huge steps in airplane technology, meaning planes can carry more passengers and go faster. The planes have also changed shape to increase safetyincluding the windows. As commercial air travel took off in the mid20th century, airline companies began to fly at higher altitudes to lower their costthe air density(密度) is lower up there, creating less drag(阻力) for airplanes. However, higher altitudes came with problems, like the fact human beings cant really survive at 30000 feet. To make that possible, the cabin was changed to a cylindrical(圆柱体) shape to support the pressure inside. But at first, plane builders left in the standard square windows and this expansion meant disaster. The de__Havilland__Comet came into fashion in the 1950s. With a closed cabin, it was able to go higher and faster than other aircraft.

However, where theres a corner, theres a weak spot. Windows, having four corners, have four potential weak spots, making them likely to crash under stresssuch as air pressure. By curving the window, the stress that would eventually break the window corner is distributed and the chance of it breaking is reduced. Rounded shapes are also stronger and resist deformation(变形), and can thus survive the extreme differences in pressure between the inside and outside of the aircraft.

Fortunately, designers figured out the lack of design pretty quick. Now we have nice, rounded airplane windows that can resist the pressure of traveling altitude. It gives being able to gaze out of your window to the world from 35000 feet a whole new outlook, doesnt it?

1.Why did airlines aim to fly at higher altitudes?

A. To save money for less drag.

B. To help the plane to take off.

C. To increase safety of the plane.

D. To carry more passengers and go faster.

2.What does the underlined words de Havilland Comet in Paragraph 2 refer to?

A. An aircraft. B. A band. C. A planet. D. A design.

3.Which is the advantage of the rounded window?

A. It increases the air pressure.

B. It weakens the strength of air pressure.

C. It reduces the possibility of breaking up.

D. It helps to survive the extreme weather.

4.Where does this text come from?

A. A newspaper on safe driving. B. A science book on flying.

C. A website on survival skills. D. A magazine on fashion design.

 

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WHO’S WHO IN THE ZOO?

Is it amazing that the WHOS WHO IN THE ZOO makes it fun for young children to save? With the help of Standard Bank’s Kidz APP and the Big Five animal friends, teaching your children about managing their cash has never been more fun. Let the WHOS WHO IN THE ZOO show your little ones what it means to earn and save money as well as share in the enjoyment of spending their wellearned cash.

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As your children use the mobile app to complete various actionsachieving savings goals, completing missions and achieving wisheshere various medals will be rewarded.

Earned medals are displayed in the elephant habitat as well as locked medals still to be achieved.

Leopard

Reward your kids with pocket money for completing missions: household chores, achievements, etc.

You can create a mission for your child, or your child can request a new mission. Once created, it must be accepted. The mission needs to be completed by your child and approved by you before you can pay him or her.

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Help your children create and fulfil wishes. Wish cards and their savings progress can be tracked from your banking app.

Once their savings goal is reached, lion will inform you of their achievement.

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Rhino shows your childs latest account balance and transactions.

Download the Standard Banks Kidz APP from Apple App Store on the phone. Use the comment section to interact with other Standard Bank customers and bank consultants.

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2.Who is Graham Schwartz?

A. A writer for a magazine.

B. A researcher from a museum.

C. A shark expert from a university.

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