Everybody loves a fat pay rise. Yet pleasure at your own can vanish if you learn that a colleague has been given a bigger one. Indeed, if he has a reputation for slacking, you might even be outraged. Such behaviour is regarded as “all too human,” with the underlying assumption that other animals would not be capable of this finely developed sense of grievance(不满,不平). But a study by Sarah Brosnan and Frans de Waal of Emory University in Atlanta, Georgia, which has just been published in Nature, suggests that it is all too monkey, as well.
The researchers studied the behaviour of female brown capuchin monkeys. They look cute. They are good-natured, co-operative creatures, and they share their food readily. Above all, like their female human counterparts, they tend to pay much closer attention to the value of “goods and services” than males.
Such characteristics make them perfect candidates for Dr. Brosnan’s and Dr. de Waals study. The researchers spent two years teaching their monkeys to exchange tokens for food. Normally, the monkeys were happy enough to exchange pieces of rock for slices of cucumber. However, when two monkeys were placed in separate but adjoining chambers, so that each could observe what the other was getting in return for its rock, their behaviour became markedly different.
In the world of capuchins, grapes are luxury goods (and much preferable to cucumbers). So when one monkey was handed a grape in exchange for her token, the second was reluctant to hand hers over for a mere piece of cucumber. And if one received a grape without having to provide her token in exchange at all, the other either tossed her own token at the researcher or out of the chamber, or refused to accept the slice of cucumber. Indeed, the mere presence of a grape in the other chamber(without an actual monkey to eat it) was enough to induce resentment(愤恨)in a female capuchin.
The researchers suggest that capuchin monkeys, like humans, are guided by social emotions. In the wild, they are a co-operative, group-living species. Such cooperation is likely to be stable only when each animal feels it is not being cheated. Feelings of righteous indignation(愤慨), it seems, are not the preserve of people alone. Refusing a lesser reward completely makes these feelings abundantly clear to other members of the group. However, whether such a sense of fairness evolved independently in capuchins and humans, or whether it stems from the common ancestor that the species had 35 million years ago, is, as yet, an unanswered question.
1.In the opening paragraph, the author introduces his topic by ________.
A. making a comparison B. justifying an assumption
C. making a conclusion D. explaining a phenomenon
2.The statement “it is all too monkey” (Last line, Paragraph I) implies that ________.
A. resenting unfairness is also monkeys nature
B. monkeys are also outraged by slack rivals
C. monkeys, like humans, tend to be jealous of each other
D. no animals other than monkeys can develop such emotions
3.Dr. Brosnan and Dr. de Waal have eventually found in their study that the monkeys ________.
A. prefer grapes to cucumbers
B. will not be co-operative if feeling cheated
C. can be taught to exchange things
D. are unhappy when separated from others
4.What can we infer from the last paragraph?
A. Monkeys can be trained to develop social emotions.
B. Cooperation among monkeys remains stable only in the wild.
C. Animals usually show their feelings openly as humans do.
D. Human indignation evolved from an uncertain source.
The world famous Boston Symphony Orchestra normally performs at Symphony Hall in Boston, Massachusetts. But its summer home is the Tanglewood Music Center in western Massachusetts.
The Boston Symphony Orchestra also has a summer program at Tanglewood. It is designed for young singers, musicians and those who create musical works. Great composers like Aaron Copland, Leonard Bernstein and John Adams have worked There.
Serge Koussevitzky led the Boston Symphony Orchestra in 1940. At the time Europe was at war. The United States did not enter World War I until the end of 1941. Mr. Koussevitzky persuaded people in the music industry to open a music school at Tanglewood, the BSO’s summer home. He wanted young, gifted musicians toattend the school for free.
But within two years, the program almost came to an end. “The BSO trustees(托管人) wanted to close the school because of the war and Koussevitzky was angry, and wrote a letter calling it an ‘act of artistic vandalism(损坏)’. And he said, ‘Now is the time when the world needs to be hearing this music’,” says Jeremy Eichler, a music critic for The Boston Globe newspaper. “This music” was not Just works by Beethoven or Brahms. It was the sounds of the time.
Mr. Koussevitzky chose composer Aaron Copland to head the school. “In establishing Aaron Copland as the head of the school not as the head of composition, he was making a very specific statement…And I think he felt very strongly that paying attention to the music of one’s own time is the way to ensure that there will be a future,” says Jeremy Eichler.
Paul Hindemith was a refugee (难民) from the war in Europe. He was chosen as the first head of Tanglewood’s music composition department. He and Copland decided that the school would be a place where composers write new musical works.
Their first performance was Alleluia, a piece written by American composer Randall Thompson. Alleluia has opened the school’s program every summer since it was first performed. Since it opened, Tanglewood’s young musicians, singers and conductors have performed many new compositions. They include the first American performance of Benjamin Britten’s opera Peter Grimes. This year, for its 75th anniversary, the center asks composers to write 34 new pieces of music.
1.What happened to the Tanglewood Music Center?
A. Aaron Copland once worked as the head of the school.
B. Many young, gifted musicians attended the school in 1941.
C. It was closed in 1943 because of the World War II.
D. It was created by Serge Koussevitzky in 1940.
2.Which of the following is in agreement with Serge Koussevitzky’s opinions?
A. The great music should be the reflection of the time.
B. The young should have the chance to learn music for free.
C. The head of a music school should be a composer.
D. The traditional music should not be emphasized.
3.It can be referred that the Tanglewood Music Center attaches importance to .
A. performing new works every year
B. the compositions of famous musicians
C. working with famous composers
D. the young talented musicians creation.
4.What’s the passage mainly about?
A. The great changes taking place in the Tanglewood Music Center.
B. A brief introduction to the Tanglewood Music Center.
C. The development of the Tanglewood Music Center.
D. The events that make the Tanglewood Music Center famous.
Restaurants play a major part in defining the characteristics of a city. They reveal the diversity of the place, the pace of the nightlife and the financial health. Beijing, a metropolis that is home to 20 million people, has tens of thousands of restaurants. Here are some special restaurants in Beijing.
● Diaoyutai State Guest Restaurant
Traditionally, Diaoyutai State Guest Restaurant only served visiting dignitaries（达官贵人）. But since1980, it has opened to the public. It offers not only Chinese cuisine at its best but also secluded dining experience in an otherwise buzzing（嘈杂的）metropolis.
Location: No. 2 Fucheng Road, Haidian District, Beijing
Cost: $222.01 per person
● Heritage in Wanda Plaza
Heritage offers French cuisine, which is famous for its rich taste and subtle nuances.
Location: Wanda Plaza, No 93 Jianguo Road, Chaoyang District, Beijing
Cost:$ 125:49 per person
● Kyoto Kaden Minokichi Kaiseki-Ryori in Pangu Hotel
As the only 7 star hotel in Beijing, Kyoto Kaden Minokichi Kaiseki-Ryori is undoubtedly the most expensive restaurant in the city. Kaiseki is a traditional multicourse Japanese diner. Kaiseki only uses seasonal ingredients and is prepared by master Japanese chef to reflect change of season.
Location: Pangu 7 Star Hotel, Beijing 27 Central North 4th Ring Road Chaoyang District, Beijing
Cost: $1159. 29 per person
● China Grill
People come for food but stay for the view. Situated on the top floor of a landmark building in the heart of CBD, China Grill offers an unparalleled view of Beijing landscape.
Location: 66/F Park Hyatt, 2 Jianguomen Wai, CBD, Beijing
Cost: $ 130. 79 per person
1.What does the underlined word “secluded” mean in the second paragraph?
A. Fashionable. B. Peaceful.
C. Popular. D. Crowded.
2.What can we learn about Kyoto Kaden Minokichi Kaiseki-Ryori?
A. It only served visiting dignitaries when first opened.
B. Its food is prepared by master Chinese chef.
C. It is located in Haidian District in Beijing.
D. It is the most expensive restaurant in Beijing.
3.What is special about China Grill among the restaurants mentioned above
A. It is the only one that serves Chinese food.
B. It is the cheapest one of the four.
C. You can enjoy the view of Beijing when dining there.
D. It is famous for its rich taste.
假定你是李华，你的朋友Peter想了解你校于五月举办的中国传统文化艺术节。请你给Peter写封回信，内容包括:
1. 举办艺术节的目的；
2. 介绍你最喜欢的一个艺术节活动；
3. 邀请Peter参加并告之艺术节活动的时间。
注意:
1. 词数 100 左右；
2. 可以适当增加细节，以使行文连贯。
_____________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________
假定英语课上老师要求同桌之间交换修改作文， 请你修改你同桌写的以下作文。文中共有10处语言错误，每句中最多有两处。每处错误仅涉及一个单词的增加、删除或修改。
增加: 在缺词处加一个漏字符号(∧)，并在其下面写出该加的词。
删除: 把多余的词用斜线( \ )划掉。
修改: 在错的词下划一横线， 并在该词下面写出修改后的词。
注意: 1. 每处错误及其修改均仅限一词；
2. 只允许修改10处， 多者(从第11处起)不计分。
Last year, Zhang Pingyu paid visit to London. Worried about the time available, Zhang Pingyu had made a list of the site she wanted to see. It was the Tower which she visited first. Fancy! This solid stone, square tower had been remained standing for one thousand years. Many new buildings had expanded around it. Therefore, it was still part of a royal palace and prison combined. There followed St Paul’s Cathedral built after the terrible fire of London in 1666. It looked splendidly when first built. Westminster Abbey, too, was very interesting. Then just as he came out of the abbey, Pingyu heard the famous sound of the clock Big Ben, ring out the hour.
The next day Pingyu was leaving London to Windsor Castle. “Perhaps I will see the Queen？” she wondered as she fall asleep.
阅读下面短文，在空白处填入1个适当的单词或括号内单词的正确形式。
Letters as a way of communication have long given way to phone calls and WeChat messages. But a TV show, Letters Alive, is helping bring this old way to keep in touch back 1. the present.
Letters Alive took 2.(it) idea from a UK program, Letters Live, released in 2013. Both 3. (show) feature famous actors and actresses, but there 4.(be) no eye－catching visual effects or any regular showbiz(娱乐圈) activities. Instead, it’s just a live event 5. remarkable letters selected from a wide time span and a diverse range of subjects are read. There is, for example, a passionate letter from Huang Yongyu to playwright Cao Yu 30 years ago to criticize his lack of 6.(create).
Every letter is like a small piece of history. By hearing them 7. (read), it’s as if we are being sent back in time to experience a moment that we would otherwise never have had the chance to.
Compared to 8. (publish) texts, letters also 9.(natural) come with a personal touch. As well as celebrating the pain, joy, wisdom and humor, Letters Alive 10. (commit) to promoting Chinese literature since first run.
