Wilderness
“In wilderness(荒野) is the preservation of the world.” This is a famous saying from a writer regarded as one of the fathers of environmentalism. The frequency with which it is borrowed mirrors a heated debate on environmental protection: whether to place wilderness at the heart of what is to be preserved.
As John Sauven of Greenpeace UK points out, there is a strong appeal in images of the wild, the untouched; more than anything else, they speak of the nature that many people value most dearly. The urge to leave the subject of such images untouched is strong, and the danger exploitation(开发) brings to such landscapes(景观) is real. Some of these wildernesses also perform functions that humans need—the rainforests, for example, store carbon in vast quantities. To Mr.Sauven, these ”ecosystem services” far outweigh the gains from exploitation.
Lee Lane, a visiting fellow at the Hudson Institute, takes the opposing view. He acknowledges that wildernesses do provide useful services, such as water conservation. But that is not, he argues, a reason to avoid all human presence, or indeed commercial and industrial exploitation. There are ever more people on the Earth, and they reasonably and rightfully want to have better lives, rather than merely struggle for survival. While the ways of using resources have improved, there is still a growing need for raw materials, and some wildernesses contain them in abundance. If they can be tapped without reducing the services those wildernesses provide, the argument goes, there is no further reason not to do so. Being untouched is not, in itself, a characteristic worth valuing above all others.
I look forwards to seeing these views taken further, and to their being challenged by the other participants. One challenge that suggests itself to me is that both cases need to take on the question of spiritual value a little more directly. And there is a practical question as to whether wildernesses can be exploited without harm.
This is a topic that calls for not only free expression of feelings, but also the guidance of reason. What position wilderness should enjoy in the preservation of the world obviously deserves much more serious thinking.
1.John Sauven holds that_____.
A. many people value nature too much
B. exploitation of wildernesses is harmful
C. wildernesses provide humans with necessities
D. the urge to develop the ecosystem services is strong
2.What is the main idea of Para. 3?
A. The exploitation is necessary for the poor people.
B. Wildernesses cannot guarantee better use of raw materials.
C. Useful services of wildernesses are not the reason for no exploitation.
D. All the characteristics concerning the exploitation should be treated equally.
3.What is the author’s attitude towards this debate?
A. Objective. B. Disapproving. C. Sceptical. D. Optimistic.
4.Which of the following shows the structure of the passage?
CP: Central Point P: Point Sp: Sub-point(次要点) : Conclusion
A. 
B. 
C. 
D. 
American researchers say drinking tea may help strengthen the body's defense system against infection．Doctors at Brigham and Women's Hospital in Boston， Massachusetts， did the study． The team studied a chemical found in black， green， oolong and pekoe tea． This chemical is an amino acid called L-theanine． The scientists say it may increase the strength of gamma delta T cells． That's the letter T， not the drink． Gamma delta T cells are part of the body's defense．
First， the researchers mixed some of these cells with antigens found in the amino acid． Antigens help the body react to infection． Then the scientists added some bacteria． Within twenty-four hours， the cells produced a lot of interferon， a substance that fights infection． Cells not mixed with the antigens did not produce interferon．
In the second part of the study， eleven people drank five to six cups of black tea every day． Ten other people drank the same amount of instant coffee． That is dried coffee mixed with hot water．
Two weeks later， and again two weeks after that， the researchers tested the blood of all twenty-one people． They also looked at what happened when they added bacteria to the blood cells． They found that the tea drinkers produced five times more interferon after they started drinking tea． The coffee drinkers did not produce interferon．
Doctor Jack Bukowski led the study． He says the antigens added to the gamma delta T cells were responsible for the increased reaction to the bacteria． He says that the study also showed that the cells were able to remember the bacteria and fight them again the next time．
Earlier research already has found that tea can help prevent heart disease and cancer． Doctor Bukowski says the new study must be repeated by more people． "If the findings prove to be true，" he says， "then tea drinking might also help protect against bacterial infections．" He says the amino acid L-theanine could be removed from the tea and used as a drug to strengthen the body's defenses．
1.We may know from the text that ______ can be found in different kinds of tea．
A. L-theanine B. Gamma delta T cells
C. interferon D. bacteria
2.Tea may help strengthen the body's defense system because it helps ______ ．
A. to add some bacteria to the blood cells
B. the body to produce more gamma delta T cells
C. the body to produce more interferon
D. to mix antigens with some of the cells in the body
3.According to Dr Bukowski， ______ ．
A. the findings of the study have already proved to be true
B. further study is needed to prove the findings true
C. he has taken some amino acid L-theanine from tea and made a drug with it
D. he is not sure whether tea help prevent heart disease and cancer
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