As people age, the body changes in all sorts of predictable ways. Brains can slow. Wounds take longer to recover. And sleep patterns(模式) shift, too. This can come as news to many, says Michael V. Vitiello, a psychologist at the University of Washington who is expert in sleep in aging.
The most noticeable---and often most annoying---changes are how sleep and wake-up times change and sleep gets lighter, often beginning in middle age. Gone are weekend sleep to 11 a.m. and the ability to sleep through a noisy garbage truck down the block.
But not every restless night can be ignored. Studies have found that poor sleep can create a particular threat to older adults---Falls, depression and anxiety, problems with memory, and increased suicide(自杀) risk are among the effects of sleep issues in this population group that researchers have found. But scientists are still unsure why those risk connections exist.
What is clear is the connection between good sleep and psychological well-being in older adults. A 2010 study showed us that connection when it came to sleep quality, but sleep quantity didn't show the same effects. And that, experts say, may be the key to understanding sleep as you age. If you're sleeping less, but don't feel negative effects out of bed, the changes you notice may just be normal age-related.
Over time, Vitiello says, sleep patterns simply change. "A lot of older adults recognize that they don't sleep the same as they did when they were 18, but they can still function and they're OK. And all is well with the universe."
1.What can we learn from the second paragraph?
A. As a person ages, his sleep quality becomes worse.
B. People in old age often sleep late and wake up early.
C. People in old age often sleep to 11 a.m. at weekends.
D. As a person ages, he adapts to the noisy surroundings.
2.What may result in poor psychological health for the elderly?
A. Sleep of low quality. B. A small quantity of sleep.
C. Sleep of high quality. D. A large quantity of sleep.
3.What attitude should we have towards sleep as we become old?
A. Negative. B. Frustrated. C. Scientific. D. Disappointed.
4.What is the main idea of the passage?
A. Sleep pattern and weight. B. Sleep pattern and age.
C. Negative effects of aging. D. Positive effects of sleep.
Government in Tibet have denied the permanent(永久的) closure of Mount Qomolangma National Nature Reserve.
The announcement came after a report went viral online claiming the base camp of the world's highest mountain was “permanently closed due to heavy pollution” and caused a universal misunderstanding.
Mount Qomolangma National Nature Reserve was set up in 1988. Covering an area of more than 33, 800 square km, it is home to one of the world's most weak ecosystems(生态系统).
Kelsang, deputy director of the reserves administration, said ordinary tourists are allowed to visit areas around Rongpo Monastery, almost 5,000 meters above sea level. As for travelers who have a climbing permit, they can go to the base camp at an altitude of 5,200 meters. The mountaineering activities have been permitted by the regional forestry department.
To conserve the environment surrounding Mount Qomolangma, China carried out three major clean-ups at an altitude of 5, 200 meters and above last spring, collecting eight tonnes of household wastes, human wastes and mountaineering trash. This year, the clean-up will continue, and the remains of mountaineering victims(受害者) above 8,000 meters will be centrally dealt with for the first time. Meanwhile, the number of people who stay at the base camp will be kept under 300.
Recently, there are 85 wildlife protectors in the reserve, and 1,000 herders have part-time jobs going around and cleaning up garbage.
These measures aim to strike a balance between various demands such as environmental protection, local poverty relief, mountaineering and education, said Wang Shen, county chief of Dingri at the mountain foot.
1.Which of the following can replace the underlined words “went viral” in Paragraph 2 ?
A. Spread wild. B. Block out. C. Gave away. D. Shoot up.
2.What can we learn according to Kelsang’s words about the National Nature Reserve?
A. Most tourists are allowed to visit the base camp.
B. Permit is a must for visitors going to the base camp.
C. The mountaineering activities are not allowed these days.
D. The areas above 5,200 meters are open to everyone.
3.Why did the government carry out clean-ups at an altitude of 5, 200 meters and above?
A. To provide a much easier path for mountaineers.
B. To keep mountaineering activities going smooth.
C. To remove the remains of mountaineering victims.
D. To protect the environment of Mount Qomolangma.
4.How many people are involved in the cleaning up activities at present?
A. 300 B. 1000 C. 85 D. 1085
Bill Bowerman was a track coach. He wanted to help athletes run faster. So he had learned how to make running shoes. He had also started a shoe company with a friend. It was 1971. Running shoes at the time were heavy.They had spikes (鞋钉) on the sole (鞋底). The spikes tore up the track and slowed down runners.
To make a lighter shoe, Bill tried the skins of fish. To make a better sole, he wanted to replace the spikes. Bill dug through his wife Barbara’s jewelry box. He hoped to find a piece of jewelry with an interesting pattern. He would then copy the pattern onto the new soles. Nothing worked. Bill was defeated.
Then, one Sunday morning, Barbara made Bill waffles (华夫饼) for breakfast. Bill watched her cook.
He studied the criss-cross pattern on a waffle iron.
Inspiration struck. The pattern on the waffle iron was just what Bill was looking for. The squares were flatter and wider than sharp spikes. The pattern would help the shoes hold any surface without tearing into it.
When Barbara left the house, Bill ran to his lab. He took the liquid chemicals that, when mixed, would harden into the sole of a shoe. He poured the mixture into the waffle iron---and the Waffle Trainer was born.
Bill’s company put the Waffle Trainer on market in 1974. It was a huge hit. Maybe you’ve heard of that company---it's called Nike. And today it's worth around $100 billion.
It was the waffle iron that had changed the course of Bill’s life---and helped turn Nike into a well-known name. Today, the waffle iron is kept at Nike headquarters. It serves as a reminder that if we keep trying, we can find a solution to even the most difficult problems. And those solutions can come from unlikely places, even the breakfast table.
1.What shortcomings did the old-style running shoes have?
A. They were hard to wear. B. They were too large.
C. They were impractical. D. They were easy to break.
2.Where did Bill get the inspiration to invent the famous Waffle Trainer?
A. From the skins of the fish. B. From his wife’s jewelry.
C. From the color of the iron. D. From his wife’s cooking.
3.What can we learn from Bill’s success?
A. A cheer wife is the joy of life. B. Two heads are better than one.
C. Where there’s a will, there’s a way. D. A bad workman quarrels with his tools.
4.What can be a suitable title for the text?
A. Waffles and Nike B. Inspiration and Invention
C. A Great Inventor D. A Well-Known Company
Music Festivals
1.Why do people in the Buku Music Festival need to catch up on their sleep?
A. Sleep during the night is difficult. B. Buku has a post-industrial setting.
C. The performances will last overnight. D. The tickets for the festival are very expensive.
2.Which music festival can you find sports programs?
A. Buku Music Festival. B. Horizon Festival.
C. Gasparilla Music Festival. D. Golden Plains Festival.
3.Where is the Golden Plains Festival held?
A. On a mountain. B. In a downtown square.
C. In a music hall. D. In an open-air theatre.
听下面一段独白，回答以下小题。
1.According to the speaker, how should the speech be?
A. Simple and clear. B. Funny and short. C. Detailed and educational.
2.How can one be more confident?
A. By practicing. B. By making an outline. C. By taking control of the situation.
3.What does the speaker talk about at last?
A. Details. B. Manner. C. Audience.
4.What does the speaker suggest people begin their speeches with?
A. Self-introduction. B. A piece of music. C. An interesting story.
听下面一段较长对话，回答以下小题。
1.Why does the man think his company is understanding?
A. It offers him chances to work abroad. B. It allows him to take a long holiday.
C. It gives him money to afford his trips.
2.What did the man do this morning?
A. He returned from a tour. B. He checked his website. C. He made a travelling list.
3.When can a country be added to the man’s list?
A. After he changes planes at the country’s airport.
B. After he spends one night in the country.
C. After he visits a famous building there.
4.What is the purpose of the man’s travelling?
A. To meet other travelers. B. To stay with his girlfriend.
C. To feel the culture of the place.
