If I scratch your back and you scratch mine, then we're both better off as a result — so goes the principle of reciprocity. As humans, we are familiar with the concept. But do animals also help those who help them? The answer may be yes. A paper by Dolivo and Taborsky shows that Norway rats will only give as good as they get.
In their laboratory, Dolivo and Taborsky first trained rats to pull on a stick that drew a food item within reach of a rat in a neighboring cage separated from them by wire mesh (钢丝网).
They then introduced a further treatment in which an experimental rat was placed in a cage with other caged rats on either side. On one side the rat pulled a stick that provided pieces of carrot to the rat in the central cage, while the other pulled a stick that produced banana pieces.
In the following trials the focal rat (the one in the central cage) had the opportunity to repay the other rats using the same stick tool to deliver food items.
Now, the rats had typically turned their noses up at the carrot and showed a strong preference for the more desirable banana. On the basis that the banana-providing rat should therefore be remembered as the superior partner, the authors predicted that in the test phase (阶段) the focal rat would more readily provide help for banana-offering rats than for carrot-offering rats. This proved to be the case: the rats that had provided better help in the past received greater rewards - it seemed that they were behaving reciprocally.
Dolivo and Taborsky's experiments show that rats can recall the quality of help provided and by which rat, and adjust their behavior so as to invest more time and energy in helping those that helped them. It is apparent that we shouldn't undervalue the ability of animals to engage in reciprocity.
1.What does the underlined word ''reciprocit'' in Paragraph 1 probably refer to?
A.The act of being kind to other people. B.A cooperative exchange of favors.
C.A positive attitude to everything. D.The quality of being generous.
2.What would happen if a rat pulled the stick according to the text?
A.It would find some food in its own cage.
B.Other rats would be able to enter its cage.
C.Another rat in another cage would get food.
D.It would be able to enter a neighboring cage.
3.Which got more benefit from the focal rat in the experiments?
A.The rats that preferred carrot pieces.
B.The rats that preferred banana pieces.
C.The rats that had provided carrot pieces.
D.The rats that had provided banana pieces.
4.Which of the following might Dolivo and Taborsky agree with?
A.Some animals may return others' help.
B.Norway rats have very poor memories.
C.It is hard to explain the ability of animals.
D.Rats behavior is very uncommon.
I attended a party one night. During the dinner a man told a humorous story based on the quotation: "There's a divinity that shapes our ends, rough-hew them how we will.”
The storyteller mentioned that the quotation was from the Bible. I knew he was wrong. There couldn't be the slightest doubt about it. To get a feeling of importance and display my superiority, I appointed myself as an unwelcome committee member to correct him. He stuck to his guns. "What? From Shakespeare? Impossible! Absurd! That quotation was from the Bible.” And he knew it.
The storyteller was sitting on my right; and Frank Gammond, an old friend of mine, was seated on my left. Mr. Gammond had devoted years to the study of Shakespeare. So the storyteller and I agreed to submit the question to Mr. Gammond. Mr. Gammond listened, kicked me under the table, and then said,"Dale, you are wrong. The gentleman is right. It is from the Bible."
On our way home that night, I said to Mr. Gammond, “Frank, you knew that quotation was from Shakespeare. "Yes, of course," he replied, “Hamlet，Act Five, Scene Two. But we were guests at a happy time, my dear Dale. Why argue with the storyteller? Why prove to him he is wrong? Why not let him save his face? Always avoid your sharp angle." I learned a lesson I'll never forget. I not only had made the storyteller uncomfortable, but also had put my friend in an embarrassing situation. How much better it would have been had I not become argumentative.
Nine times out of ten, an argument ends with each of the contestants more firmly convinced than ever that he is absolutely right. You can't win an argument. You can't because if you lose it, you lose it; and if you win it, you lose it
1.What did the author do to get a feeling of importance at the party?
A. Tell a humorous story. B. Show off his rich knowledge.
C. Teach the storyteller a lesson. D. Correct the storyteller's mistake.
2.. Why did Frank Gammond kick the author under the table?
A. Because he didn't know much about the Bible.
B. Because he thought the author was really wrong.
C. Because he was thoughtful and wanted to stop the author.
D. Because he was humorous and played tricks on the author .
3.How did the author feel about the event that happened at the party?
A. Thankful. B. Regretful.
C. Satisfied, D. Confused.
4.What can be the suitable title for the passage?
A. You Can't Win an Argument B. You Can't Make Mistakes in Public
C. Do Have an Open Mind D. Mind Your Manners at a Party
Skydive Greene County
Come out and let us teach you how to skydive today! We are located in Xenia, Ohio and are within a reasonable driving distance of major cities in Ohio. Situated on a private airport, Skydive Greene County offers world-class training. We didn't start skydiving but we are Ohio's oldest skydiving school which opened in 1961!
Tandem Skydiving
Tandem skydiving is required if this is your first-time skydiving. After filling out paperwork and watching a short video, you will be ready to make your skydive. Somewhere around 11,500 feet you will be secured to your tandem instructor. The door will open and you exit the plane.
Your freefall with your instructor will last for approximately 40-50 seconds. We can almost guarantee this will be the most exciting minute of your life as you reach the speed of around 120 mph, falling for about two miles back to the earth!
Don't forget to have a video taken of your skydive to show all those that didn't think you would jump from an airplane!
Static Line Courses
Once you have made your tandem skydiving, you can move on to our Static Line Program. The Static Line Jump is the traditional way to learn to skydive. We have classes throughout the year. Every student will be led through the entire day by a licensed instructor. Never does the student feel unattended. Once training is over, students will make their first jump on that very same day!
Price
$165.00 Tandem skydiving only
$175.00 Static Line Course only
Invite one of our professional videographers on your skydive: $125.00 DVD with photos
Come to learn with the best and make a skydive today! For further information, please call us at (937) 372-0700 or visit our website www. greenecounty.com!
1.Skydive Greene County _____________.
A.offers training in major cities in Ohio
B.is the oldest skydiving school in the USA
C.guarantees every skydiver a freefall experience
D.requires all the students to receive one-day training
2.If you want to experience Tandem Skydiving only and a video taken of your skydiving, how much will you have to pay?
A.$165 B.$175
C.$300 D.$290
3.What's the author's purpose in writing the text?
A.To give a brief introduction to Skydive Greene County.
B.To attract readers to learn Skydiving in Skydive Greene County.
C.To make a comparison between Tandem Skydiving and Static Line Courses.
D.To convince the readers Skydive Greene County is the best place for skydiving.
阅读下面短文，根据其内容写一篇60词左右的内容概要。
Many things — genetics, environment, the food you eat, illness, sleep, even the seasons — influence your emotional state. But at the heart of it is how you regard yourself. If you have a healthy level of self-esteem (自尊), you not only deal with life's challenges better than people with low self-esteem, but you're probably more content, confident, and successful. You're probably also healthier. Studies show that positive self-esteem actually helps prevent people against depression and anxiety.Most people's sense of worth is rooted in their childhood — in the early approval or disapproval of parents, teachers, and friends. But as we get older, most of us judge ourselves by our sense of how effectively we're managing in the world, especially in the areas of love and work. Our ability to love and be loved can give our lives a sense of purpose and deep fulfillment. We can also find satisfaction and pride in work-related accomplishments, and the people we meet and work with can strengthen our sense of self and our role in life.
Once midlife comes along, however, our self-esteem can take a turn in response to changes in our lives. Marriage may change, children may leave home, and we may begin to cut back on work as we approach retirement. Of course, the view in the mirror may not be what it used to be, either.
If you find your self-esteem eroding (变弱) a bit, there are plenty of ways to build it back up again.
Reframe your identity. Redefine what you base your sense of self-worth on. Instead of “sales manager”, “stock market analyst”, or “mom”, start thinking of yourself as “community organizer”, “literacy volunteer”, “great cook”, “gifted gardener”, and more.
Talk back to your inner critic. Become conscious of how hard you're being on yourself, and fight against a negative attitude with some positive self-talk.
Take time for yourself. Read the paper, keep a journal, go for a swim. This is especially important for women, who are often so busy nurturing others that they neglect their own needs and interests. (346 words)
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假如你是李华，外教Saskia想给班上捐一些英文图书，委托你对班上同学的阅读兴趣做个调查。请根据下面的调查结果图表给Saskia写一封邮件，内容包括：
1. 调查结果；
2. 简单建议；
3. 表示感谢。
注意：1. 词数80左右；
2. 可以适当增加细节，以使行文连贯。
Dear Saskia，
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Yours，
Li Hua
阅读下面材料，在空白处填入适当的内容(1个单词)或括号内单词的正确形式。
Libbie Stanton was seven years old and on vacation when she heard about a sweet idea. Each year after Halloween, 1. organization called Soldiers' Angels accepts candy through a collection drive, Treats for Troops. Then they send the treats to veterans (老兵) 2. are overseas or in hospitals, to help them feel a little 3.(close) to home.
Libbie thought her town could help. She put 4. posters and went on news programs, 5. (ask) people to donate Halloween candy. She put out 6.(donate) boxes at her school, the public library, and the town's welcome center, and collected candy that local dentists “bought back” from 7.(patient)．
Then, with help from the local VFW (Veterans of Foreign Wars) organization, Soldiers' Angels sent the 8.(collect) candy to service people.
Libbie's candy drive 9.(raise) 60 pounds of candy the first year, 400 pounds the next — and 2,000 pounds (1 ton!) last fall. With the town's help, she plans to keep the drive going. “I get a lot of joy from knowing 10. the troops get joy from getting candy，” Libbie says. “It gives them a little feeling of being back home.”
