“ New and improved. ” These words are put in so many marketing campaigns that we tend to accept them as linked. But many new drugs aren't an improvement over the best existing drug for a given condition, and the fast drug-approval processes in recent years have added to the uncertainty about their advantages.
A recent report in the British Medical Journal, "New Drugs: Where Did We Go Wrong and What Can We Do Better?, analysed the issue, The authors looked at 216 drugs approved between 2011 and 2017 ； 152 were newly developed, and 64 were existing medicine approved for new uses. Only 25% offered a major advantage over the established treatment, and fully 58% had no confirmed added benefit to reduce symptoms or improve health-related quality of life.
"This doesn’t mean there's no added benefit," lead author Wieseler said. “It just means we have no positive proof. Either we have no studies or have studies not good enough. ” Wieseler and her co-authors work for a German institute which evaluates new treatments and advises on whether the country's health care system should pay a premium ( 占)for them. Such organizations , known as health technology assessment ( HTA) agencies, work a little differently in the US, says Sean Tunis，a researcher in Baltimore: “ If payers think a new drug isn't better than an existing drug，these agencies will require .that hospitals try the cheaper drug first. ”
Germany's HTA demands trials to prove that a new treatment beats the existing standard. This isn't always practical For one thing, such studies can be expensive and time-consuming, with no guarantee of success. Secondly, it can discourage companies from attempting to develop new alternatives. This is already happening. Drug developers are increasingly focused on areas where there are no good treatments to compete with, such as rare diseases.
This lack of meaningful data to guide patients is a major point of Wieseler's paper- With accelerated approval, there are more products approved, with a greater amount of uncertainty about risks and benefits. But there are other solutions besides drug trials. One idea is to require postmarket studies to track the effectiveness of newly approved drugs—a step too often neglected.
1.What message does the recent report convey?
A.Many new drugs have no improved advantages.
B.The approval processes for new drugs are too fast.
C.Improved drugs have advantages over old ones.
D.Before 2017 no improvement was made to drugs.
2.What will US HTA agencies do when no advantage is found in new drugs?
A.Remove government premium on them.
B.Get hospitals to use the cheaper drugs.
C.Arrange financial support for the patients.
D.Put new drugs on further trials and studies.
3.What's the disadvantage of Germany's HTA trial demands?
A.Making drug companies think of illegal ways to cut cost.
B.Pushing companies to try alternatives for existing drugs.
C.Getting patients to depend on the government for support.
D.Holding companies back from improving existing drugs.
4.What is the best title for the text?
A.The Advantage of Existing Drugs
B.Misunderstanding of New and Old Drugs
C.A Dilemma with New Drug Alternatives
D.Peopled Preference for New or Old Drugs
Leaders in the aviation （航空）industry plan to launch a campaign that they hope will work against what they call a " flight shaming（使蒙羞）” movement. They say flight shaming has weakened peopled demand for air travel in Europe . Some travelers there are increasingly concerned about the effects of flying on the environment. Activists have been calling for greater action against climate change. That includes avoiding air travel.
Flight shaming has affected air travel demand in many European countries, including Britain, France and Germany. The campaign will try to explain to the public how the industry is reducing its effect on the environment. Juniac, head of IATA, said the flight shaming movement gave off "misleading information"..
The International Air Transport Association （IATA） is organizing the plan through the Air Transport Action Group, a group of aviation industry organizations and companies. Juniac didn't say when the campaign would start, but noted that details would be available to airports and airlines.
Commercial flying is estimated to cause about 2.5% of worldwide carbon emissions（释放）. However, that number could rise as worldwide air travel increases.
The aviation industry says it has already cut carbon emissions by one-half since 1990. The improvements are mainly the result of aircraft that use fuel more effectively. The industry plans to cut emissions further by 2050. It has a goal of stopping the growth of carbon emissions by 2020.
Airlines also have warned of the harmful effects of the flight shaming movement. Some have criticized the industry for failing to explain itself Tim Clark，president of the airline Emirates，said that improvements in technology have reduced the environmental effects of passenger airplanes.
1.What is flight shaming movement about?
A.Weakening peopled demand to travel abroad.
B.Calling on all to fight against global warming.
C.Announcing the environmental harm of flying.
D.Scaring people from approaching the airport.
2.How does Juniac comment on flight shaming movement?
A.It ignores the efforts of airlines to reduce pollution.
B.Airlines will charge the movement for their loss.
C.Airlines are to blame for the cause of the movement.
D.It has positive effects in urging airlines to be green.
3.What conclusion can we draw from the fifth paragraph?
A.The effective use of fuel has made air travel greener.
B.Flight shaming movement has caused great loss for airlines.
C.With more passengers? carbon emissions by planes may rise.
D.The aviation industry aims to stop carbon emission by 2020.
4.What is the text mainly about?
A.Improvement of air quality since flight shaming. movement.
B.Opposition of aviation industry against flight shaming movement,
C.Travelers' inconvenience caused by flight shaming movement,
D.Measures by aviation industry to reduce environmental pollution.
That morning，I dropped our eldest at kindergarten and returned home to let our two younger children play while I worked on my medical report. It was wonderful, but it hit me that my career in hospital wasn't making a difference in anyone's life. I needed something that would stretch my limits and push me to grow. My career enabled me to work from home. I could work from home, and become a foster（领养）mother, providing safety for a child who needed it desperately.
On Monday morning, I picked up the phone and dialed the number I had googled for the nearest Department of Children’ Services. The man on the other end was receptive to my questions and explained the next step of training, involving eight weeks of classes designed to prepare and educate foster parents. We continued through all the classes, the home visits , background checks, and seemingly endless steps.
Five long months after we were approved , the phone Tang. In the middle of the night , I woke my husband and rushed to East Tennessee Children's Hospital- Our placement was waiting for us in the emergency room, sick and lack of nutrition. It didn't take long for us to realize the full depth of her suffering. Six months later, her half-brother came to us by our request. We now had five children under our care.
On August 12, 2016, our family of seven walked into a small courtroom. The children's lawyer and social worker were there. With just a few words, our adoption was finalized. These two amazing children weren't going home, because they were already home. We are their forever family5 and they are our forever children. We may not be able to change the entire world, but we have changed the world entirely for our new children.
1.How did the author feel about her hospital work?
A.Unusually demanding. B.Lacking in motivation.
C.Filled with challenges・ D.Packed with chances.
2.What led the author to decide to adopt children?
A.She wanted to make a difference in other people.
B.She felt sympathetic for abused children she knew.
C.She felt confident about her ability to raise children.
D.She experienced training to raise children properly.
3.What does the underlined word "placement" in Para.3 refer to?
A.The child to be adopted. B.The need to get trained.
C.The approval of adoption. D.The official at the hospital
4.Why did the author appear at the courtroom?
A.To put the adopted kids elsewhere.
B.To receive another adopted child.
C.To begin the kids5 adoption in her home .
D.To make the adoption officially legal,
Volunteers are the backbone of SAGE to offer many programs and services important to enriching the lives of LGBT older people. No matter what type of volunteer activity you choose, volunteering is a great way to get involved with SAGE.
How Do I Become a SAGE Volunteer?
The first step to become a SAGE volunteer is to attend a Volunteer Orientation. Volunteer Orientations are held on the second Wednesday of every month at 7 : 00 PM in Room 107 at the LGBT Community Center, 208 W. 13th Street. Advance registration is not required, just bring yourself and a pen. Click here to see when the next Volunteer Orientation will take place.
One-on-One Interview with SAGE Staff.
After you attend the volunteer orientation, you will be contacted for an interview with a SAGE Community Services staff member. Its purpose is to find the right volunteer placement for you at SAGE, and to answer any questions you may have.
Attend a Volunteer Training.
The volunteer opportunities at SAGE require initial training and may include other commitments as well. You can find out more about this at the Volunteer Orientation. If you are not able to attend a Volunteer Orientation, please send an email with your name and contact information to: volunteer@ sageusa. org.
What Kind of Volunteer Opportunities Are Available at SAGE?
SAGE offers a wide variety of volunteer opportunities, such as Friendly Visiting, Event Volunteering and participation in a SAGE Committee. Please click here to view a detailed list of volunteer opportunities. If you want to volunteer? but don't see something in the list that interests you, be sure to attend a Volunteer Orientation to find out what other opportunities might be available.
1.What do we know about Volunteer Orientation?
A.Ifs held every Wednesday for new volunteers.
B.It prefers its volunteers to book a chance online.
C.It's held monthly to give information to volunteers.
D.It identifies the best volunteers for the training.
2.What work chances does SAGE provide for volunteers?
A.Offer help to enrich the life of senior people in LGBT.
B.Help organize Volunteer Orientations at the community.
C.Attend to old people suffering back injuries in hospital.
D.Provide online medical care for patients in the community.
3.How can one find detailed volunteer information at SAGE?
A.By making an appointment. B.By visiting SAGE website.
C.By interviewing one-on-one. D.By applying online in advance.
假定你是李华，与留学生朋友Merry约好一起去长城，但你因故不能赴约。请给她写封邮件，内容包括:
1.表示歉意；2.说明原因；3.重新预约时间。
注意:1.词数100左右;2.可以适当增加细节,以使行文连贯。
Dear Merry,
I’m truly sorry to say that______________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________
Yours,
Li Hua
文中共有10处语言错误。错误涉及一个单词的增加、删除或修改。
增加：在缺词处加一个漏字符号(∧)，并在其下面写出该加的词。
删除：把多余的词用斜线(\)划掉。
修改：在错的词下划一横线，并在该词下面写出修改后的词。
注意:1.每处错误及其修改均仅限一词；
2.只允许修改10处，多者(从第1处起)不计分。
I remember one day that I was seven, my parents were away from home and I left alone .Though they gave me enough money to buy something to eat, but I decided to cook me a wonderful meal. I went to the market, buying some meat and tomatoes and then came back.After cooking, I cut up the meat into piece and put them in the pot. When the pot was hotter enough, I began to cook the meat. After that, I cooked some tomato soup with an egg in it. How deliciously the food tasted! Believe it or not, now I often act as the cook at home when my parents are busy.
