The “Bystander Apathy Effect” was first studied by researchers in New York after neighbors ignored — and in some cases turned up the volume on their TVs — the cries of a woman as she was murdered (over a half-hour period). With regard to helping those in difficulty generally, they found that:
(1) women are helped more than men;
(2) men help more than women;
(3) attractive women are helped more than unattractive women.
Other factors relate to the number of people in the area, whether the person is thought to be in trouble through their own fault, and whether a person sees himself as being able to help.
According to Adrian Furnham, Professor of University College, London, there are three reasons why we tend to stand by doing nothing:
(1) “Shifting of responsibility”— the more people there are, the less likely help is to be given. Each person excuses himself by thinking someone else will help, so that the more “other people’ there are, the greater the total shifting of responsibility.
(2) “Fear of making a mistake” — situations are often not clear. People think that those involved in an accident may know each other or it may be a joke, so a fear of embarrassment makes them keep themselves to themselves.
(3) “Fear of the consequences if attention is turned on you, and the person is violent.”
Laurie Taylor, Professor of Sociology at London University, says: “In the experiments I’ve seen on intervention (介入), much depends on the neighborhood or setting. There is a silence on public transport which is hard to break. We are embarrassed to draw attention to something that is happening, while in a football match, people get involved, and a fight would easily follow.”
Psychotherapist Alan Dupuy identifies the importance of the individual: “The British as a whole have some difficulty intervening, but there are exceptional individuals in every group who are prepared to intervene, regardless of their own safety: These would be people with a strong moral code or religious ideals.”
1.Which of the following statements is true according to the passage?
A.Pretty women are more likely to be helped.
B.People on a bus are more likely to stop a crime.
C.Religious people are more likely to look on.
D.Criminals are more likely to harm women.
2.Which factor is NOT related with intervention according to the passage?
A.Sex. B.Nationality. C.Profession. D.Setting.
3.Which phenomenon can be described as the “Bystander Apathy Effect”?
A.When one is in trouble, people think it’s his own fault.
B.In a football match, people get involved in a fight.
C.Seeing a murder, people feel sorry that it should have happened.
D.On hearing a cry for help, people keep themselves to themselves.
4.The author wrote this article ______.
A.to explain why bystanders behave as they do
B.to urge people to stand out when in need
C.to criticize the selfishness of bystanders
D.to analyze the weakness of human nature
Nervous suspects(嫌疑犯) locked up in Britain's newest police station may feel relieved by a pleasant yellow colour on the door. If they are close to confessing a crime, the blue on the wall might tip the balance.
Gwent Police have abandoned colours such as greys and browns of the 20th-century police cell(牢房) and have used colour psychology to decorate them.
Ystrad Mynach station, which recently opened at a cost off5 million has four cells with glass doors for prisoners who suffer from claustrophobia（幽闭恐怖症）, Designers have painted the frames yellow, which researchers say is a calming colour. Other cells contain a royal blue line because psychologists believe that the colour is likely to encourage truthfulness.
The station has 31 cells, including 12 with a"live scan" system for drunken or disturbed prisoners, which detects the rise and fall of their chest. An alarm alerts officers if a prisoner's breathing stops and carries on ringing until the door is opened.
Designers and psychologists have worked for years on colour. Blue is said to suggest trust, efficiency, duty, logic, coolness, thinking and calm. It also suggests coldness and unfriendliness.It is thought that strong blues will stimulate clear thought and lighter, soft colours will calm the mind and aid concentration.
Yellow is linked with confidence, self-respect and friendliness. Get the colour wrong and it could cause fear, depression and anxiety, but the right yellow can lift spirits and self-respect.
Ingrid Collins, a psychologist who specializes in the effects of colour, said that colour was an"energy force", She said: "Blue does enhance communication but I am not sure it would enhance truthful communication.”
Yellow, she said, affected the mind. Red on the other hand, should never be considered because it could increase aggression. Mrs Collins praised the designers for using colours in the cells. Gwent is not the first British force to experiment with colour to calm down or persuade prisoners to co-operate. In the 1990s Strathclyde Police used pink in cells based on research carried out by the US Navy.
1.The expression"tip the balance" in paragraph 1 probably indicates that the blue might_________.
A.let suspects keep their balance.
B.make suspects cold and unfriendly in law court.
C.help suspects to confess their crimes.
D.enable suspects to change their attitudes to colours.
2.Which of the following colours should not be used in cells according to the passage?
A.Pink. B.Red.
C.Blue. D.Yellow.
3.Which of the following helps alert officers if someone stops breathing？
A.Royal blue lines. B.Scanning equipment.
C.Glass doors. D.Yellow frames.
4.The passage is mainly concerned with__________.
A.the relationship between colours and psychology.
B.a comparison of different functions of colours.
C.scientific ways to help criminals reform themselves in prison.
D.the use of colours in cells to affect criminals psychology.
There is a Web site called the “World Database of Happiness.” It combines and analyzes the results of hundreds of surveys from around the world that have been conducted on life satisfaction. Most of the findings are _______, but a few are surprising.
The database makes it clear that there is not a strong connection between material wealth and general contentment. It is a cliché to say that money can’t buy happiness, but the old saying seems to be _______ by research. Many people still cling to the belief that gaining riches will be the answer to all their problems, yet they are probably _______.
Studies have been _______ on people who acquired sudden wealth, such as lottery winners. In most cases, after the _______ joy had worn off, people were not left with a sense of lasting happiness. In fact, they tended to revert to the way they _______ before they became rich. Previously contented people continue to be contented, _______ those who were miserable before sink back into misery.
If material wealth does not bring happiness, then what does? Perhaps happiness has something to do with where you live. The authorities at the World Database on Happiness have surveyed _______ of happiness in different countries. _______, people in America, Canada, and Singapore are very happy; people living in India and Russia, not surprisingly, are not happy.
Other surveys consistently ________ the importance of relationships. ________ relationships in particular seem to be the key to long-term contentment. The Web site suggests that falling in love and having children are two of the ________ that bring the greatest happiness.
Nowadays people look to technology as an ________ source of satisfaction. People increasingly spend more time alone watching TV or surfing the Internet ________ spending time with family. Can technology truly make people happy? It is too difficult to tell, but one thing is sure: If the Web site’s research is accurate, time spent with your family is a better ________ than time spent making money.
1.A.different B.predictable C.satisfactory D.unexpected
2.A.challenged B.widespread C.overtaken D.supported
3.A.generous B.positive C.hesitated D.mistaken
4.A.turned out B.done with C.carried out D.put forward
5.A.essential B.pleasant C.initial D.enviable
6.A.felt B.had C.chose D.lived
7.A.as B.so C.and D.while
8.A.levels B.standards C.senses D.examples
9.A.Strangely B.Hopefully C.Apparently D.Surprisingly
10.A.point to B.hold up C.deal with D.depend on
11.A.Partner B.Family C.Relative D.Society
12.A.situations B.relations C.destinations D.references
13.A.convenient B.alternative C.everlasting D.adequate
14.A.as far as B.rather than C.as well as D.in case of
15.A.environment B.circumstance C.investment D.civilization
Directions: After reading the passage below, fill in the blanks to make the passage coherent and grammatically correct. For the blanks with a given word, fill in each blank with the proper form of the given word; for the other blanks, use one word that best fits each blank.
Social robots are going to become a lot more common in the next few years, 1. in the home or the workplace. Social robots are about to bring technology to the everyday world in a more humanized way, said Cynthia Breazeal, chief scientist at the robot company Jibo.
2. household robots today do the normal housework, social robots will be much more like companions than mere tools. For example, these robots will be able to distinguish when someone is happy or sad. This allows them 3. (respond) more appropriately to the user.
The Jibo robot, 4. (arrange) to ship later this year, is designed to be a personalized assistant. You can talk to the robot, ask it questions, and make requests for it to perform different tasks. The robot doesn’t just deliver general answers to questions; it responds based on 5. it learns about each individual in the household. It can do things such as reminding an elderly family member to take medicine or taking family photos.
Social robots are not just finding their way into the home. They have potential applications 6. everything from education to health care and are already finding their way into some of these spaces.
Fellow Robots is one company 7. (bring) social robots to the market. The company’s “Oshbot” robot is built to assist customers in a store, which can help the customers find items and help guide them to the product’s location in the store. It can also speak different languages and make recommendations for different items based on what the customer is shopping for.
The more interaction the robot has with humans, 8. (much) it learns.But Oshbot, like other social robots, 9. (not intend) to replace workers, but to work alongside other employees. “We have technologies to train social robots to do things not for us, but with us,” said Breazeal.
Directions: After reading the passage below, fill in the blanks to make the passage coherent and grammatically correct. For the blanks with a given word, fill in each blank with the proper form of the given word; for the other blanks, use one word that best fits each blank.
The ancient Chinese were stonewall masters. China 1. has the world's longest fortification (buildings or walls built to defend a place), the 21,196-kilometer-long Great Wall, but the world's longest circular city wall, the Ming City Wall, which was originally 35 kilometers around. The latter stands in Jiangsu's provincial capital of Nanjing. It's one of China's most underrated tourist attractions and many local residents think it is worthy 2. (visit).
Currently, visitors can access only about three kilometers of the wall, but about 22 of the 3. (remain) 25 kilometers of the once-inaccessible wall are scheduled to open to the public soon. "In the past, the wall was the end of the city," says Sun Xiaowei, 32, president of the Nanjing-based urban hiking community. "But now it's the starting point of Nanjing's culture.” Sun recently shared with us the greatest barbican (楼堡) (an outer defensive work) 4. attracts him most: Zhonghua Gate.
5. (locate) immediately to the north of Qinhuai River, Zhonghua Gate, is one of the best preserved and most intricate barbicans in the world, according to Sun.The gate is used as a grand entrance to any tour of the City Wall.
It once served as the southern gate of ancient Nanjing, a 15,168-square-meter fortification that contained four layers of defenses, as well as three grand castles, 6. the ruins are connected to each other by a wide ring of wall. If paying an entry fee, visitors 7. view former garrisons, an exhibition about the history and variety of bricks used to build the City Wall.
假如你是某中学学生会主席李津。请结合最近网上广为流传的“珠峰大本营将无限期关闭”的消息以及官方最新“珠穆朗玛峰自然保护区将继续有条件开放，依法合规的登山活动仍可进行”的回应，以学生会身份，用英文在学校英文周刊上写一封倡议书，号召大家做文明登山者，关爱珠峰脆弱的自然环境。内容须包括：
☆ 不乱扔垃圾，注意垃圾分类。
☆ 保护动植物，拒绝买卖野生动物制品。
☆ 未获登山许可，不要擅自前往。
注意：
⑴ 请使用规范英语，词数不少于100词，开头和结尾已给出，不计入总词数；
⑵ 可适当增加细节，以使内容充实、行文连贯 。
参考词汇：珠穆朗玛峰自然保护区Mount Qomolangma Nature Reserve
Dear Schoolmates,
Local authorities have recently denied the claim that Mount Qomolangma Nature Reserve was permanently closed. Meanwhile the government has called on everyone’s attention to the present situation.
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Thank you！
The Students’ Union
