Joseph Goldberger was a doctor for the United States Public Health Service and he was an advocate for scientific and social recognition of the links between poverty and disease. In 1914, Goldberger was asked by US Surgeon General Rupert Blue to study a skin disease that was killing thousands of people in the South. The disease was pellagra (糙皮病)．
Goldberger traveled to the state of Mississippi where many people suffered from pellagra. He studied the victims and their families. Most of the people lived a hard life. The doctor came to believe that the disease didn’t pass on from one to another, but was instead related to food. He received permission from the state governor to test this idea at a prison. Prisoners were offered pardons if they took part. One group of prisoners received their usual foods, mostly corn products. A second group ate meat, fresh vegetables and drank milk. Members of the first group developed pellagra. The second group did not.
But some medical researchers refused to accept Goldberger’s idea. For the South, pellagra was more than simply a medical problem. There were other things, including Southern pride.
So Goldberger had himself injected (注射) with blood from a person with pellagra. He also took liquid from the nose and throat of a pellagra patient and put them into his own nose and throat. He even swallowed pills that contained skin from pellagra patients. An assistant also took part in the experiments. So did Goldberger’s wife. None of them got sick.
Joseph Goldberger died of cancer in 1929. He was fiftyfive years old. Several years later, researchers discovered the exact cause of pellagra: a lack of vitamin B3 known as niacin.
1.Who were likely to get pellagra according to Goldberger?
A.People in the south of America.
B.People having a poor diet.
C.People in prison.
D.People touching pellagra patients.
2.What did Goldberger want to prove by the experiments mentioned in Paragraph 4?
A.Pellagra wasn’t so terrible.
B.Pellagra could be cured.
C.Pellagra didn’t spread.
D.Pellagra wasn’t a medical problem.
3.Why did some medical researchers refuse to accept Goldberger’s idea?
A.Goldberger’s idea sounds ridiculous.
B.They have done their own research.
C.The result hurt their pride.
D.Goldberger didn’t do enough research.
4.Which words can be used to describe Goldberger?
A.Selfless and friendly. B.Devoted and determined.
C.Patient and expert. D.Stubborn and enthusiastic.
Just a year ago, the colors were bright under the waves. Now it’s gray — the Maldivian reef is dead. The coral is killed by the pressure of rising temperatures.
Coral reefs are areas underwater where small creatures live. The coral is hard material formed on the bottom of the sea by the skeletons of those creatures. But the world has lost about half its coral reefs in the last 30 years. Scientists are working to prevent their destruction. Due to global warming, over 90 percent of corals are expected to die by 2050. “To lose coral reefs is to fundamentally undermine the health of a very large proportion of the human race,” said Ruth Gates, director of the Hawaii Institute of Marine Biology.
Why are coral reefs important? Coral reefs support a fourth of all marine species, as well as half a billion people worldwide. They serve as barriers to protect coastlines from the storms. They provide billions of dollars from tourism, fishing and other trade. They are also used in medical research for cures for diseases. “Everyone should be concerned,” said biologist Ove Guldberg at Australia’s University of Queensland. “This is not just some distant dive destination. This is the basic structure of the ecosystem we depend on.”
The ocean is getting warmer. A rising temperature of just one to two degree Celsius can force coral to expel the algae (驱逐海藻) that live there. This leaves their white skeletons uncovered. It is a process called “bleaching”. Sixteen percent of the world’s corals died of bleaching in 1998. The problem has become much worse in recent years.
“We’ve lost 50 percent of the reefs, but that means we still have 50 percent left,” said Ruth Gates, who is working in Hawaii to breed corals that can better withstand increasing temperatures. She is also trying to “train” corals to survive rising temperatures. Gates says it is time to start “thinking outside the box”— find creative ways to help them.
1.What does the underlined word “undermine” in paragraph 2 mean?
A.Regain B.Weaken
C.Promote D.Develop
2.What can we learn from Ove Guldberg’ words?
A.People won’t find a dive destination in the future.
B.The effort to save corals will turn out to be fruitless.
C.The bright sea has lost its charm because of those dead corals.
D.The destruction of coral reefs will affect the earth ecosystem.
3.What’s the fourth paragraph mainly about?
A.The harm of algae. B.The importance of coral reefs.
C.The process of “bleaching”. D.The change of ocean temperature.
4.What is Ruth Gates’ attitude towards the protection of corals？
A.Worried B.Positive
C.Casual D.Curious
“O gentle sleep!\Nature’s soft nurse, how have I frightened thee\That thou no more wilt weigh my eyelids down.”Henry IV, as portrayed by Shakespeare, would have sympathized with people who struggle with insomnia (失眠). Now a major publisher has come up with a novel idea.
In a project to be launched this week, Penguin Random House has cooperated with the Sleep Council and the Children’s Sleep Charity in creating collections of “Sleep Tales” for adults and children. Combining “cutting-edge technology and the ancient art of storytelling to help solve an age-old problem”, these audiobooks are part soundscape, part descriptive narrative, with softly spoken voices to calm anxieties and take listeners to the land of nod.
Each story lasts about 15 minutes, enabling listeners to set their sleep timer. The stories draw on the Sleep Council’s research into sounds that help people wind down, such as waves lapping on a shore, soft rainfall and birdsong.
Richard Lennon, publisher at Penguin Audio, told the Guardian the project was inspired partly by the realization that increasing numbers of people were listening to audio books “as they’re going to sleep or as part of their bedtime routine”. He said both adults and children respond to something comforting and familiar as they are nodding off.
Asked whether a boring story could have the same effect, he said the stories needed to be “engaging enough not to put you off”: “This is about creating the right environment and headspace for you … to go to sleep. Strangely, if you’re bored, it doesn’t have that effect.” Audience research had been very positive, Lennon said. One listener reported: “The story made my mind stop racing.”
1.Why is the poem mentioned at the beginning of the passage?
A.To introduce the works of Shakespeare.
B.To appreciate the rhythm of the poem.
C.To lead to the topic of the passage.
D.To offer an example of people with insomnia.
2.What’s the character of the audio books of “Sleep Tales”?
A.Their target readers are children.
B.Every story is long and interesting.
C.They are read vividly in different tones.
D.They can make listeners sleepy.
3.What can we learn from Richard Lennon’s words?
A.Not many people prefer listening to audio books before sleep.
B.A boring story is more likely to make people sleepy.
C.The environment is very important for reading stories.
D.The audio books prove effective in helping people sleep in the research.
4.Which is the best title for the passage?
A.Releasing audio books to send listeners to sleep
B.The new trend of people’s reading habit
C.Audio books are becoming more and more popular
D.Ways to help people sleep easily
From Antigua to Zanzibar, these spots promise an incredible trip for 2019.
Antigua, Guatemala
“Antigua is worth every penny, but that doesn’t mean you’ll have to empty your wallet,” says Hudson. There are plenty of budget-conscious activities. It won’t cost you a coin to visit Santo Domingo del Cerro, an outdoor sculpture park. Wanting something sweet? Head to ChocoMuseo. Admission is free and so are the samples!
Odessa, Ukraine
Odessa is having a bit of a tourism boom nationwide-not that we’re surprised, given its sandy beaches and pastel-colored buildings-but it’s still fairly under the order for international audiences. You can also count on this port city for affordable fun. Tickets to the Odessa Opera House start at a mere $ 2!
Bogotá, Colombia
“Travelers on budget will find Colombia’s vast capital far more of a bargain and every bit as fascinating,” says Hudson. “It’s free to visit Museo de Oro and on Sundays many of the big roads are closed to accommodate food carts, street entertainers, and pedestrians.”
Zanzibar
Zanzibar attracts vacationers with its white sand beaches, greenish-blue tides, colorful coral reefs, and oceanfront seaside. Of course, wandering in historic Stone Town is pretty appealing too. Either way, you needn’t spend a penny in this amazing place. It’s also worth noting that Jozani Forest is the only place in the world you can see endangered red colobus monkeys.
1.Which of the following requires admission fee?
A.ChocoMuseo. B.Odessa Opera House.
C.Museo de Oro. D.Stone Town.
2.Where can you enjoy seaside scenery and visit historical sites?
A.Antigua, Guatemala B.Odessa, Ukraine
C.Bogotá, Colombia D.Zanzibar
3.What do the four destinations have in common?
A.They are coastal cities.
B.They welcome street entertainers.
C.They are inexpensive to visit.
D.They will make your wallet empty.
假定你叫李华。你班外教Mr.Baker要求每个同学制定一个“班级英语角”的计划，并在班上向全班同学说明。请你用英语写一个英语角计划，内容包括：
1. 英语角目的；
2. 时间和地点；
3. 英语角内容。
注意：1. 词数100左右；
2. 可以适当增加细节，以使行文连贯。
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假定英语课上老师要求同桌之间交换修改作文,请你修改你同桌写的以下作文。文中共有10处语言错误，每句中最多有两处。每处错误仅涉及当个单词的增加、删除或修改。
增加：在缺词处加一个漏字符号（∧），并在其下面写出该加的词。
删除：把多余的词用斜线（\）划掉。
修改：在错的词下划一横线，并在该词下面写出修改后的词。
注意： 1. 每处错误及其修改均仅限一词；
2. 只允许修改10处，多者（从第11处起）不计分。
Today, together with my classmates I went on a school trip, where I think was interesting. Our destination was the City Science Museum. We get up earlier than before, and we took a bus to go there. It wasn't far, so they arrived there soon. At the museum, I learnt a lot about robots. I felt exciting that the robot can help do much houseworks. Then a staff member showed how make a model robot. I'll send the photos about the robots taking there to my friends. Before we returned, and I went to the gift shop where I bought some gifts with my family. How a happy school trip I had!
