Public Speaking
Public speaking can be defined as the act of making a speech in front of a group of listeners.
The types of public speaking are deliberately structured with three general purposes: to inform, to persuade and to entertain. An informative speech has a purpose to inform, or give knowledge to its audience. 1.For persuasive speech, the speaker would try to change the mindset, perception, or behavior of the audience for their own good. Thus, the speaker needs to look for common ground with the audience and try to relate to what they might agree on. The last type is a ceremonial speech. It tends to be less formal and more personal than the other types of speeches. No matter how well you know the person you are giving speech about, try not to say bad things about them, even if it is meant to be a joke.
2.Sparing some time to practice will help build confidence and help determine how long the presentation will last. Aside from it, knowing who the audience will be is quite necessary. Try to get as much information as possible regarding this particular area related to the audience. Knowing the “battlefield” in advance will give the speakers a huge advantage.
Language is the main aspect a speaker needs to pay attention to while giving a speech.
3.A speaker needs to choose their words carefully and make it clear to the audience what they mean. Often, when given a speech, the audience look up to the speaker to give them something new and useful. 4.Language and delivery alone will not be sufficient if the speaker does not have the body language. The movement and gesture of a speaker also affect the audience. While closing the speech or presentation, speakers can restate their main points, just to remind the audience of the important things that have been said. 5.
A. It needs to be used clearly.
B. These speeches mark special occasions.
C. The important thing to watch about is not to put in too much information.
D. The key of perfecting anything is through practice, including public speaking.
E. They can also end it with a special message and encourage the audience to ask questions.
F. Knowing how public speaking is done is a key part in understanding the importance of it.
G. Thus, the speaker needs to know how to deliver their speech to fulfill the audience‟s expectation.
Food experts say washing could spread the germs on your turkey in the kitchen sink or nearby food. But it's been a challenge trying to convince cooks to stop rinsing （冲洗）off raw poultry. Germs that can make people sick are common in the guts of healthy poultry and are legally allowed to be on raw turkey and chicken. The assumption is that nobody eats their poultry raw, and that thorough cooking will kill the bacteria.
The do — not — wash raw poultry advice from the USDA is relatively new and perhaps hasn't caught on because it goes against the common belief that washing makes things clean, said Chapman. Benjamin Chapman, a study author and food safety expert at North Carolina State University, said the instinct to wash raw poultry goes back at least decades when people relied more on visual clues to spot problems with poultry. Meanwhile, washing hands and surfaces are also important.
But food preparation is a complicated act, and germs from poultry can be spread even if it's not washed, especially when birds are removed from packaging.
The USDA-funded study stresses that point. Researchers sprayed raw chicken with a harmless strain of E. coli （大肠杆菌）and watched volunteer cooks at test kitchens. Among those who washed their raw chicken, about a quarter ended up spreading the bacteria to their lettuce. But even some of those who did not rinse the chicken got germs on the lettuce. And there are other opportunities for germs to survive on turkeys: melting and cooking.
To ensure a bird is thoroughly cooked, they say to use a thermometer to check that the deepest and thickest parts of it have reached 165 degrees. Even after the meal is cooked, you aren't out of the danger zone. To keep turkeys and other leftovers safe, experts say they should be refrigerated after two hours.
1.People don't accept USDA's advice because____.
A.the advice is relatively new
B.cleaning seems more trustworthy
C.cooks clean the turkey before cooking it
D.heat can kill most germs and no one eats raw food
2.What can be concluded from Paragraph 4?
A.Food packages carry germs.
B.Hands and surfaces are easy to get E. coli.
C.Germs from a turkey can be spread whether it is washed or not.
D.Multiple methods should be applied to food to get rid of germs.
3.Which way may help to cook a turkey safely?
A.Rinse off the turkey before it is heated.
B.Keep the turkey away from the lettuce and refrigerator.
C.Wash hands and packages before taking out the turkey.
D.Use a thermometer to check the temperature of the turkey.
4.From which section of a magazine is the text probably taken?
A.Culture. B.Science.
C.Education. D.Medicine.
With all the wars, fighting and sadness in the world today, it's not only necessary, but also essential to have a good sense of humor just to help us get through each and every day of our lives. Putting a smile on someone's face when you know they are feeling down in the dump, makes me feel good and warms my heart.
How would you feel if you could not joke around with your wife, husband, child, co- workers, neighbors, close friends, or even just someone that you are standing in line with at your corner store? I am always saying things that make others smile or laugh, even if I don't know the person I'm joking around with. My Grandma always found humor in everything she did, even if it was the hardest job anyone could imagine. This not only relieves stress in any situation, but also is common courtesy(礼貌) to speak to others that are around you.
I know of a few people that don't have a funny bone in their bodies, as they say. Everyone around them could be rolling on the floor after hearing a great joke and they would sit there without the slightest smile on their face. They don't get the joke that makes others laugh. I am busting a gut while they just sit there, looking at me as if I were from outer space. How can people not get a really funny joke?
Laughing is essential to keep your stress levels under control. Without humor we would find ourselves with a lot of psychological problems, or on a lot of medications to keep us from going crazy. There is too much sadness in this present world. It drives people crazy. We all need to find a way to ignore the sadness and bring a little light into our lives. So，I believe our best medicine is to get together and tell some jokes and have some fun laughing together.
1.From the second paragraph, we can know that ________.
A.the author used to be polite
B.the author's grandma is humorous
C.we should relieve stress in any situation
D.family members should play tricks on each other
2.The underlined phrase ''busting a gut'' in the Paragraph 3 can be replaced by ''________''.
A.explaining carefully B.speaking loud
C.keeping silent D.laughing hard
3.By writing the passage, the author mainly intends to ________.
A.talk about his own understanding of humor
B.encourage people to be humorous in daily life
C.introduce a practical way to get through daily life
D.convince people of the power of being optimistic about life
The preventive measures for forest fires include some preemptive(抢先)methods that can help reduce the risks of fires and control their severity and spread, and thus, maintain ecological balance and protect resources. Close monitoring of forest fires caused by natural factors can help prevent their spread to a large extent. To contain forest fires, fire departments usually use water and chemical fire retardants(抑制剂) that can be dropped from planes and helicopters. To control the spread of a wildfire, firefighters usually create a control line by removing all fuel from an area so that the fire cannot travel across it.
Controlled burns are often employed by government authorities to reduce fuel buildup, and clean up the fallen leaves, and thus, prevent the spread of forest fires to a vast area. Regular controlled burns can also help maintain biodiversity(生物多样性), as the smoke and heat produced in the process can facilitate(促进) the growth of seeds of certain plant species. Apart from these, responsible human behavior can help reduce the number of forest fires to a great extent. In fact, we can reduce the number of wildfires dramatically by not leaving behind any source of fire in the forest.
Forest fires can affect climate and weather to a great extent, besides causing severe damage to valuable trees. Wildfires can increase the level of greenhouse gases(water vapor, carbon dioxide, etc), and therefore increase pollution and global warming. However, they are also an important part of the ecosystem, and many plants depend on the heat and smoke generated by wildfires for their growth and reproduction. But large wildfires can cause extensive damage to the ecosystem, which again highlights the importance of effective control and prevention of forest fires.
1.What may be the best title for this passage?
A.Control and Prevention of Forest Fires B.How to Keep Ecological Balance
C.Effects of Forest Fires D.Methods of Fire Spread Control
2.Firefighters get rid of all fuel in all area in order to ____________．
A.keep close monitoring of forest fires B.prevent the forest fire from occurring
C.protect the animals there D.stop the wildfire from spreading
3.The government arranges some controlled burns to_______________．
A.burn the rubbish and keep the forest clean
B.help keep ecological balance of nature
C.reduce fuel building up and limit forest fires spread.
D.provide reasonable conditions for some plants’ growth.
4.A controlled forest fire may play a positive role because ________________.
A.a new forest will appear soon.
B.it promotes the development of some seeds
C.nature keeps its balance only by wildfires.
D.it makes the trees grow faster than before.
Traditions of giving middle names vary around the world.
Scotland
Middle names are actually a fairly recent discovery in Scotland. However, as the practice has become popular around the world, it has become pretty common for Scottish babies to have middle names. Because last names in Scotland are generally associated with their family roots, and first names usually describe a physical characteristic, many parents see a middle name as an opportunity to give their baby a slightly more creative name.
Spain and Latin America
In Spain and Latin America, a middle name is a way to break free from the cultural code governing first names. In some countries, even first names are legislated(立法) to be of Christian origin. In Chile, most girls are named Maria, after the Virgin Mary, so the middle name is used in practice for differentiation. Maria is the most common name in the Spanish-speaking world, so in all Spanish-speaking countries the middle name takes on great significance.
Russia
In Russia, both boys and girls are given middle names based on their father's first name. For boys, the middle name usually has ovich, or evich, added to its ending. For girls, the middle patronymic(从父名衍生出的名字) name usually has ovna, or evna, added to its ending. People in Russia are often referred to by both their first and middle names, sort of the way parents in America use their children's full names when they're trying to get their attention(or yell at them). Close friends in Russia often don't use their first names completely, and use only patronymic names, when talking to each other.
Australia
According to Law Buddy, an Australian legal advice service, child naming laws in Australia allow Birth Registrars to refuse to register baby names that to be offensive to register to careless, inappropriate, ridiculous. They do allow for children to get a middle name, which is typically reserved for the mother's maiden name(娘家姓),provided, of course, that the mother's maiden name is not offensive, careless, inappropriate, or ridiculous.
1.What do we know about giving middle names in Scotland?
A.It needs to be based on their family roots.
B.It's opposed by the elderly in the country
C.It mainly describes a baby's appearance.
D.It didn't become common until not long ago
2.What role do middle names in the Spanish-speaking countries play?
A.Showing family roots.
B.Showing their unique culture.
C.Describing a physical characteristic.
D.Allowing people to have different names
3.What is a typical feature of middle names in Russia?
A.They usually have the same ending.
B.They're usually very creative names.
C.They're usually difficult to remember.
D.They're based on their father's middle name.
4.What should parents in Australia consider when naming their children?
A.Avoiding a middle name.
B.Avoiding registering baby names.
C.Using the mother's proper maiden name.
D.Using an unusual name for differentiation.
假定你是李华，想邀请外教Henry一起参观中国剪纸（paper-cutting）艺术展。请给他写封邮件，内容包括：
1.展览时间、地点；
2.展览内容。
注意：1.词数100左右；
2.可以适当增加细节，以使行文连贯。
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