Patients in the early stages of Alzheimer’s disease often struggle to remember recently learned information, meaning they forget things like important appointments or where they left their keys. But it seems that these memories are not lost. They are still filed away in the brain somewhere; they just can’t be easily accessed.
Now, researchers at MIT have developed a means of getting back memories in mice suffering from Alzheimer’s. The method relies on a technique that uses light to control genetically modified neurons (转基因神经元). Currently it is too early to be used in human trials as it involves inserting light emitting (发光) equipment into the subjects’ brains, but the same principles still apply, the researchers said.
“The important point is that this is evidence of concept. That is, even if a memory seems to be gone, it is still there. It’s a matter of how to get it back,” said senior researcher Susumu Tonegawa.
The team took two groups of mice, one genetically engineered to develop Alzheimer’s and one healthy. They then placed them into a room and gave them a mild electric shock. All of the mice showed fear when put back in an hour later. When placed in the room a third time several days later, the Alzheimer’s mice acted normally. They had forgotten the shock.
The researchers were then able to bring back the memory of the shock by activating (激活) the cells in which the memories were stored. Even when the mice were put into an unfamiliar room, they showed fear when the cells associated with the shock were activated.
“Short-term memory seems to be normal, on the order of hours. But for long-term memory, these early-Alzheimer’s mice seem to be damaged,” said lead researcher Dheeraj Roy. “Directly activating the cells that we believe are holding the memory helps them get it back. This suggests that it is indeed an access problem to the information, not that they’re unable to learn or store this memory.”
1.What can we learn about the researchers at MIT?
A. They are the pioneers of brain research.
B. They have used the method in human trials.
C. They can cure Alzheimer’s using the new method.
D. They can get back memories in mice with Alzheimer’s.
2.Why did the Alzheimer’s mice behave normally a third time?
A. They failed to remember the electric shock.
B. They were accustomed to the situation.
C. They managed to overcome the fear.
D. They activated the association.
3.For long-term memory, the early Alzheimer’s mice _______.
A. can activate their blood cells
B. can’t learn new tricks well
C. can easily get back their memory
D. can’t access the information stored
4.The main purpose of the text is to _______.
A. introduce a method of a research
B. report the latest discovery about a disease
C. give advice on how to improve memory
D. explain how our brain stores information
Tiny water plants called phytoplankton (浮游植物) serve as food for many sea creatures, including whales, shrimp, jellyfish and snails.
Phytoplankton do well in cold water. But if water temperatures rise by only two degrees Celsius, the phytoplankton struggle. That is what happened in the last three or four years in the northern part of the Pacific Ocean. Researchers say an unusual area of warm water spread throughout the Northern Pacific. Scientists called the warm water ''the blob'', as if it were a character in an old science fiction movie. At its largest, the blob stretched 1,600 square kilometers and reached depths of 91 meters. This large mass of warm water had a damaging effect on the ocean food chain. Many fish that depend on phytoplankton swam away from the area. As a result, sea birds and sea lions that eat those fish starved.
Scientists from the National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration and the University of Washington have found that the warm ocean ''blob'' caused a harmful algae bloom. That fast growth in algae hurt fishing grounds along the U.S. West Coast and Canada's British Columbia. The researchers recently published their study in the journal Geophysical Research Letters. They looked at the algae, called P. australis. They found that the algae can grow much faster than normal if it is exposed to warm water. The higher levels of algae also produced more of a poisonous chemical that can cause problems for everything from shellfish to dolphins to sea lions. It also causes problems for humans if too much of the chemical builds up in their blood.
Researchers say algae blooms like this one will continue as ocean waters warm. The algae will hurt sea animals, birds, and fish. It may damage food resources for humans all over the world, the scientists say.
1.The root cause of the starvation of sea birds or sea lions is_____.
A.the depths of the vase sea
B.the large mass of warm water
C.the large amount of polluted sea water
D.the increasingly reduced phytoplankton in the sea
2.From the text, we can know that P. australis is the name of a(n) _____.
A.phytoplankton B.fish
C.algae D.bird
3.The following statements are true EXCEPT_____.
A.Generally, the algae grow much faster than normal if exposed to cool water.
B.The phytoplankton is very sensitive to the rise of water temperature.
C.More algae can bring about a poisonous chemical which endangers sea creatures.
D.Algae blooms will affect not only the existence of sea creatures but also that of humans the world over.
4.The text is most probably taken from_____.
A.a research paper B.a geography textbook
C.a class presentation D.a newspaper report
There are many universities that have been in existence for a long time and are still very popular for their quality education. The following are three of them.
University of Oxford, England
Founded in: 1096
The foundation year of this university is around 1096. There is evidence of teaching being undertaken then. It gained a lot of popularity in the early 1167, as Henry II put a ban on English students from entering the University of Paris. It is regarded as one of the best places to get a higher education today, and it consists of 38 different colleges specializing in various fields of study.
University of Salamanca, Spain
Founded in: 1218
This is the oldest university in Spain, and is located in the town of Salamanca, west of Madrid. It is the third oldest university in Europe that has been in continuous operation since it was founded. Today, it is the most important institution in the world for studying humanities and languages, Christopher Columbus is said to have consulted with its scholars when he was seeking a route to India.
University of Padua, Italy
Founded in: 1222
This is the chief university of Italy. It was started as a law school. It is said to be founded in
1222 by a group of students and professors. Theology (神学) and law were the first subjects taught here. The fields of botany, history, and theater are the most well-known and pursued courses here, and it has established its greatness in the educated world. In 2015, it was ranked as the best university among all Italian educational institutions for higher education.
1.How did the University of Oxford become quite popular？
A.It received a lot of financial support from Henry II
B.It decided to run more courses to educate more students.
C.Henry II allowed the university to accept foreign students.
D.Henry II forbade English students to attend the University of Paris.
2.The writer mentions Christopher Columbus so as to tell us that _____.
A.Scholars in the University of Salamanca are knowledgeable
B.Columbus graduated from the University of Salamanca
C.Columbus was grateful for the help provided by the university
D.Some of his friends in the university held a farewell party for him
3.As for the University of Padua, we know that_____.
A.It is located in the west of Madrid
B.It is the third oldest university in Europe
C.Theology and law were the first subjects taught there
D.It is the premier institution in the world for studying humanities
假定你是李华。你校外籍教师Peter计划在暑假期间回国,他想送给母亲可以代表中国文化的礼物。请你给他写一封邮件,向他推荐礼物。内容包括:
1.推荐礼物:旗袍、中国结等;
2.推荐原因:
3.表达祝福。
注意:1.词数100左右。
2.可适当增加细节,以使行文连贯。
参考词汇:旗袍Qipao;中国结Chinese knot
Dear Peter，
_________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________
Yours,
Li Hua
短文改错
A recent survey shows most students communicate with their parents regularly, and there are still some who think it embarrassed to share their feelings with their parents. Actually, everyone should attach important to family communication, because not only does it strengthen the bond of the family but also bridge the gap between parents and children. In addition to, sharing your personal problems and emotions will great help reduce the pressure on you. As a result, our confidence will be built up. As for my family, we have special dinner together every Saturday evening, over that everyone present takes turns to sharing one problem and the others try to offer solutions. In this way the whole family can enjoy every single bit of life.
阅读下面短文，在空白处填入1个适当的单词或括号内单词的正确形式。
How would you feel if you 1. (wake) up and found your entire computer's contents - including your photos, your recent documents - no longer 2. (access)? What if you found out that they had 3. (wipe) from your computer, leaving you with nothing but heartache?
Actually it happens to people every single day. Every day, some people across the country head into their local Apple stores in 4. (tear), with broken computers in hand, praying as they wait in line that 5. expensive repair might, just might, recover 6.(they) priceless, irreplaceable files. A few get lucky. But for the rest, there's nothing anyone can do to help.
Hasn't happened to you? If your computer 7. (remain) unprotected, it will, and it's only a matter of time. But thanks to recent breakthroughs in computer backup technology, you now have a number of options to prepare, and if you're smart, when your computer crashes, you can't have any difficulty 8. (get) 100% of your files back that same day. I'm not talking about an external hard drive. I'm talking about an online backup 9. (solve) that runs quietly in the background on your computer. If you have one installed, when your computer crashes, you'll be just one click away from bringing your files back 10. life.
