For some people, higher education is not just a goal in life, but also an expectation. In the United States, if your parents attended a college or university, there is a good chance that you will, too. Even if your parents did not go to college, you still have a good chance of completing higher education if your family is wealthy.
But your chances are reduced if you come from a needy family, a community with limited educational resources or you simply have no one to follow as an example.
Helping those in need is one of the main ideas behind a strategy of behavioral science called nudge(轻推)theory or nudging. Nudging is a way of changing people’s behavior through indirect suggestion and by supporting positive actions.
A growing number of U.S. colleges and universities look to nudging as way to support poor, minority and first-generation students. They also are using it to increase overall graduation rates. Two common forms of nudging are emails to students and text messages to their mobile phones. Schools and other educational organizations keep in contact with students this way, offering advice and help when needed.
However, Alejandra Acosta---a higher education policy expert at New America notes that there are several qualities a nudge campaign must possess in order to be successful.
Acosta says messages must be timely, meaning they reach college students well before the date by which a student is required to take action. Additionally, nudges should be written clearly and provide as much information as possible. If students start to struggle in class, school officials should not just message them, saying they should seek academic support. The message should give information about what kinds of support the college or university offers and exactly how the student can make use of them. That is why nudges should possess interactive qualities, Acosta says. For example, students should be able to ask questions of school officials or be directed to a website for more information. In addition, colleges and universities must ensure their support services are in place and working as best they can.
When nudges work, they can do a lot of good. In 2018,a nonprofit group launched a nudging campaign at four U.S. community colleges. They worked with nearly 10,000 first-year students at three such colleges in Ohio and one in Virginia. A recent study found that older and minority students who agreed to receive these nudges were 16 to 20 percent more likely to continue into their second year than those who did not.
1.Who is most likely to receive and complete higher education according to the passage?
A.Tony, whose father is the only bread-winner in the family.
B.Jimmy, whose mother is a worker in a small factory.
C.Betty, whose grandmother is a housemaid of a famous university professor.
D.Cathy, whose parents failed to attend college but succeeded in starting a big company.
2.What can we know about nudging?
A.It is rooted in psychological science.
B.It is a way to improve people’s mind.
C.It offers useful and direct advice in time.
D.It helps students via emails and text messages.
3.What is the passage mainly talking about?
A.The problem with higher education.
B.A way for colleges to support students.
C.The popularity of nudging campaign.
D.A national campaign dealing with poverty.
4.Which of the following messages can be employed by nudging?
A.You are supposed to talk to your consultant about your English literature. If not, you are likely to fail the course. Do it as soon as possible.
B.Your performance in English literature is not good. It will be a good idea if you can share your difficulty with your classmates.
C.Dr. Smith is a professor in English literature. He is available every Thursday afternoon from 3 pm to 6 pm. Call 210-432-67 to make an appointment.
D.Do you need any assistance in English literature? If so, we can make an appointment with Dr. Smith for you. It is free of charge.
Looking for work?Tutors Wanted:Math/Science/Humanities+Test Preparation
JOB OVERVIEW:
JOB POSTED:2 days ago
WAGE:$27-30 per hour
JOB TYPE:Part time
SCHEDULE:Afternoons,evenings,weekdays,weekends
JOB DESCRIPTION:
We're looking for tutors to join us before the next school year starts.
Our ideal candidate(候选人)will be able to assist middle and high school students with test preparation and academic work in math,science and/or the humanities(人文学科)。
We'll pay for your training before this fall and can also offer flexible summer tutoring opportunities(including the chance to teach group classes).
Once our fall semester starts on Aug 21,we'll have even higher demand for tutoring sessions on Sundays from 12 am to 8 pm as well as from 3 pm to 9 pm Monday-Thursday.
What we offer:
●Flexible scheduling.Tutors work from 15 to 30+ hours per week depending on availability and student demand.
●Free Sunday dinners during the academic year.
●Health insurance reimbursement(医疗保险报销)for staff working over 30 hours per week.
●We are five minutes' walking distance from the Menlo Park Caltrain station.
Applicants must:
●Be able to show mastery of the subjects they tutor.
●Be willing to tutor students through the full academic year.
Application instructions:
●Email us your resume.
●Let us know your scheduling preferences and potential start date.
●Tell us which of the subjects you are able to tutor-Mathematics,Sciences,Humanities, or Foreign Language.
1.Which period of time needs the most tutors during the academic year?
A.Weekday mornings.
B.Sunday afternoons and evenings.
C.Friday afternoons and evenings.
D.Saturday and Sunday mornings.
2.A tutor who works more than 30 hours per week can enjoy .
A.free job training every month
B.free lunches and dinners during the academic year
C.health insurance reimbursement
D.accommodation near Menlo Park Caltrain station
3.According to the text, the ideal candidate .
A.is good at one or more academic subjects
B.will work every evening throughout the academic year
C.has the opportunity to become a full-time tutor
D.must have previous tutoring experience
假定你是李华,暑期在纽约学习,得知当地博物馆要举办中国瓷器(china)展。请写一封信申请做志愿者,内容包括:
1.写信意图;
2.应征目的、优势。
注意:1.词数 100 左右;
2.可以适当增加细节,以使行文连贯;
Dear Sir,
________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________
Yours sincerely,
Li Hua
假定英语课上老师要求同桌之间交换修改作文,请你修改你同桌写的以下作文。文中共有10 处语言错误,每句中最多有两处。每处错误仅涉及一个单词的增加、删除或修改。
增加:在缺词处加一个漏字符号(∧),并在其下面写出该加的词。
删除:把多余的词用斜线(\)划掉。
修改:在错的词下画一横线,并在该词下面写出修改后的词。
注意:1.每处错误及其修改均仅限一词;
2.只允许修改 10 处,多者(从第11 处起)不计分。
I have many hobbies and I think fishing put at the top of the list. It is for fishing that has helped me improve my self-control.
My study was not satisfactory because of my impatience three years ago. When seeing that, my father comes up with a good idea and taught me why to fish to overcome my shortcoming. Telling that fishing was full of funs, I followed him without hesitation. Actually, fishing turned out to be more difficult than I had expected. To grasp a skill, I tried hardly and became a skilled fisher. It is amazed that I can focus on my study now. I'd like to share my experience with those who have the same trouble, encouraging them to study with our full devotion and attention.
阅读下面短文,在空白处填入适当的内容(1个单词)或括号内单词的正确形式。
Have you ever been too shy to express thanks towards someone? Well, a new study says you should not worry about that so much.
Recently, researchers have published a study on how people gave and1.(receive) letters of thanks.2.they found was that expressing and receiving appreciation increased3.(happy) for both sides, but people's self-consciousness (自我意识) often made4.less possible for them to express their appreciation.
In the experiments, the researchers asked5.(hundred) of participants to write an email to someone close to them6.(express) their appreciation and giving7.specific example of how that person made their lives better.
The writers often underestimated (低估) the positive effect that the emails would have8.the receivers. They thought that the receivers would feel9.(awkward) and uncomfortable over the letters than they actually were. Contrary to the writers' belief, the receivers were thankful, warm and understanding.
So next time you feel hesitant about expressing your appreciation for others, remember that it will most10.(probable) go a lot better than you think.
Tim Ma's parents came to the United States from Taiwan in the 1970s. They opened a________. It was not a success. They found________in America, however, in computers and engineering. In part because of their own________, Ma's parents hoped he would study to become an engineer. They wanted________security for their child.
Growing up, Ma considered many________-writer, fireman, even president. But he had a sense early on. He didn't want to be a(n)________.
Ma did well in math and science classes in high school. And he________choosing to study electrical engineering in college. Several engineering jobs later, though, Ma had a(n)________of heart.
His________could not understand why he would want to leave such a good job to open a restaurant. They had worked long hours________their own restaurant still failed. But Ma remained________. He was going to do things differently than his parents. He was able to learn from their one major________as restaurant owners-they knew very little about the art of cooking. Their chef________and opened a Chinese restaurant across the street which really put them in a bad situation.
So, at age 30, Ma left engineering and returned to school-cooking school. He received training in________cooking. In 2009, Ma opened his first restaurant, Maple Avenue, in Virginia. The restaurant________excellent cuisine.
At Maple Avenue, Ma worked long hours, seven days a week. His long hours________. Ma opened his fourth restaurant last year, Kyirisan in Washington, D.C. He________his training in French cooking with his Chinese heritage (传承) to create________dishes.
Kyirisan's success is due to the________menu and food, Ma says. But a lot of it just comes from “pure hard________.”
1.A.company B.school C.hospital D.restaurant
2.A.interest B.help C.success D.progress
3.A.feelings B.manners C.predictions D.experiences
4.A.financial B.personal C.physical D.psychological
5.A.plans B.ideas C.measures D.professions
6.A.doctor B.chef C.engineer D.professor
7.A.ended up B.gave up C.turned out D.carried on
8.A.operation B.change C.trouble D.attack
9.A.colleagues B.friends C.parents D.relatives
10.A.though B.but C.if D.so
11.A.certain B.silent C.calm D.anxious
12.A.habit B.practice C.point D.mistake
13.A.came B.left C.escaped D.cheated
14.A.Chinese B.American C.French D.Mexican
15.A.serves B.studies C.promotes D.benefits
16.A.took off B.paid off C.ran out D.worked out
17.A.mixed B.improved C.simplified D.ignored
18.A.regional B.new C.side D.traditional
19.A.fixed B.main C.simple D.creative
20.A.life B.challenge C.work D.status