Directions: Translate the following sent...

Directions: Read the following passage. Summarize the main idea and the main point(s) of the passage in no more than 60 words. Use your own words as far as possible.

Does your memory fail as you age?

I’m 62 years old. Like many of my friends, I forget names that I used to be able to recall effortlessly. When packing my suitcase for a trip. I walk to the bedroom and by the time I get there, I don’t remember what I came for. And yet my long-term memories are perfect. I remember the names of my third-grade classmates, the first record album I bought, my wedding day.

This is widely understood to be a classic problem of aging. But the problem is not necessarily age-related I’ve been teaching undergraduates for my entire career and I can prove that even 20-year-olds make short-term memory errors — loads of them. They walk into the wrong classroom; they show up to exams without the required No. 2 pencil; they forget something I just said two minutes before. These are similar to the kinds of things 70-year-olds do.

The relevant difference is not age but rather how we describe these events, the stories we tell ourselves about them. Twenty-year-olds don’t think, “Oh dear, this must be early-onset Alzheimer (早老性痴呆症).” They think, “I really need to get more than four hours of sleep.” The 70-year-olds observe these same events and worry about their brain health. This is to say that every error of short-term memory doesn’t necessarily indicate a biological disorder.

So how do we account for our subjective experience that older adults seem to search for words and names with difficulty? First, there is a generalized cognitive (认知的) slowing with age-but given a little more time, older adults perform just fine. Second, older adults have to search through more memories than younger adults to find the fact or piece of information they’re looking for. Your brain becomes crowded with memories and information. It’s not that you can’t remember — you can — it’s just that there is so much more information to sort through.

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Directions: Read the following. Fill in each blank with a proper sentence given in the box. Each sentence can be used only once. Note that there are two more sentences than you need.

Framing risk,reducing panic

For four decades,psychologists have studied how people see risk and what causes them to overreact to terrorist attacks and other extreme events.Those misplaced reactions can lead to the shame of people and prevention of daily activities,causing a new set of problems on top of a current crisis.1.

Timely,honest communication from a source an audience considers credible is essential to containing fear,but governments have the tough job of explaining risk and telling people how to act without also seeding alarm.2.

Messages may be more helpful when delivered in creative formats.Visuals are very powerful.We can't just tell people things,we have to show them.When people are using the more primary part of their brain,visuals are more powerful than our higher order tools, including language.

3. People can understand just about anything if you do your job right as a communicator.That includes keeping it simple and communicating what people need to know,versus what is nice to know,expressing risk in numbers--”there's a 30 percent chance of rain”--and reminding people of the opportunity cost of waiting for more evidence.

Psychologists working in the field of risk communication assume we have too much control through our messaging.4.

A.Research has shown that different threats push different psychological buttons.

B.It's also important that the content and tone of communications speak to the intended audience.

C.Giving people concrete, detailed actions to take can help reduce panic and overreaction when a new threat emerges.

D.In response, psychologists are helping governments and other groups communicate real risk levels to the public to help make sure actions meet needs.

E.The discipline is very straightforward: Identify the few things that people most need to know and figure out how to explain them in clear, trustworthy terms.

F.We need to step back and allow for high emotions and missteps by people as long as we help them make well-informed decisions that eventually protect them.

    Scientists in Antarctica have recorded,for the first time,unusually warm water beneath a glacier (冰川)the size of Florida that is already melting and contributing to a rise in sea levels.

The researchers,working on the Thwaites Glacier,recorded water temperatures at the base of the ice of more than 2℃,above the normal freezing point.Critically,the measurements were taken at the glacier's grounding line,the area where it transforms from resting wholly on bedrock to spreading out on the sea as ice shelves.It is unclear how fast the glacier is getting worse:Studies have forecast its total collapse in a century or in a few decades.The presence of warm water in the grounding line may support estimates at the faster range.

That is worthy of attention because the Thwaites,along with the Pine Island Glacier and several smaller glaciers, acts as a brake on part of the much larger West Antarctic Ice Sheet, which , if melted, would raise the world's oceans by more than a meter over centuries,an amount that would put many coastal cities underwater.

“Warm waters in this part of the world,as remote as they may seem,should serve as a warning to all of us about the potential terrible changes to the planet brought about by climate change,” said David Holland, director of New York University's Environmental Fluid Dynamics Laboratory.

Glaciologists have previously raised alarm over the presence of warm water melting the Thwaites from below.This is the first time,though,that warm waters have been measured at the glacier's grounding line.

To observe activity beneath the glacier,Dr.Holland's team drilled a hole -about 30 centimeters wide and 600 meters deep-from the surface to the bottom and then placed equipment that measures water temperature and ocean turbulence,or the mixing of freshwater from the glacier and salty ocean water.Collecting the data took about 96 hours in subzero weather.Warm waters beneath the Thwaites are actively melting it, the team found.

While scientists may not yet be able to definitively predict how soon glaciers like the Thwaites will melt, human-caused climate change is a key factor.The biggest predictor of “how much ice we will lose and how quickly we will lose it,”Dr.Holland said,”is human action.”

1.What does warm water found in the glacier's grounding line indicate?

A.Sea levels should be remeasured.

B.It may take a century for the glacier to melt.

C.The grounding line is getting shorter.

D.The glacier might disappear sooner

2.The Thwaites and other glaciers are important because ______.

A.they hold back ice

B.they are extremely large

C.they are located at bedrocks

D.they are collapsing

3.What can be inferred from the passage about the researchers’ viewpoints?

A.We can predict how much ice can be kept.

B.Human beings are to blame for the loss of ice.

C.Glaciers serve a more important purpose than expected.

D.More data needs to be collected to support the estimates.

4.What is the passage mainly about?

A.The efforts made to avoid the presence of warm water.

B.The alarm voiced on the worsening situation of glaciers.

C.The tools employed to measure the temperature of Antarctica.

D.The prediction based on a scientific study of the grounding line.

our mission     our supporters  about us

Frequently Asked Questions

What is “UNICEF”?

UNICEF is the United Nations Children’s Fund

When created in 1946 to help children in war-torn Europe, China and the Middle East, UNICEF stood for “United Nations International Children’s Emergency Fund”. In 1947, UNICEF USA was founded, one year after UNICEF, to support UNICEF’s lifesaving work for children.

By 1953, UNICEF's task was extended to address the needs of children in the developing world. At that time, the words “international” and “emergency” were dropped from the organization’s name, making it simply the United Nations Children’s Fund. UNICEF has helped save more children’s lives than any other humanitarian organization.

What is UNICEF USA’s mission?

We work for the survival, protection and development of children worldwide through fund raising, advocacy and education.

How can I volunteer for UNICEF in the field?

UNICEF secures volunteers, who must have at least a Bachelor’s Degree and two-to-five years’ experience in their field of expert knowledge and skills, through the United Nations Volunteers program.

If you are a citizen of the United States and meet the above standards, send your resume to the United Nations Volunteers program at the following address for more information: United Nations Volunteers, c/o Peace Corps, 1111 20th St.N.W, Washington, DC 20526.

If you are interested in volunteering within the United States, click here to learn how.

May I donate non-cash goods for emergency relief?

Some have asked us about donating goods here in the U.S. for emergency relief efforts abroad. While we are grateful for the desire to help, UNICEF does not accept non-cash goods. Why?

Financial donations are the fastest and most efficient way to provide assistance. Donated goods must be screened, sorted, stored and transported. UNICEF pre-positions supplies to speed up delivery and sources them locally whenever possible. A blanket donated today can take weeks, or even months, to arrive abroad. A dollar donated today, however, will be arranged tomorrow to buy lifesaving supplies.

We also purchase supplies in large quantities to save money. That means your financial donation will get more supplies to more kids in need than your donation of non-cash goods.

1.Which of the following statements is true of UNICEF USA?

A.It no longer provides emergency fund.

B.It is localized to focus on national affairs.

C.It was originally created for kids’ education.

D.It supports children growth at home and abroad.

2.If you want to be a UNICEF USA volunteer,______ is NOT a must.

A.required education background B.related working experience

C.American nationality D.educational program participation

3.Financial donation is a better choice than non-cash goods because of_________.

A.the good will B.operational efficiency

C.local assistance D.the reliable supply

    Katherine Jonson,winner of the presidential medial of freedom,refused to be limited by society5 expectations of her gender and race while expanding the borders of humanity’s reach--President Barack Obama,2015

Using little more than a pencil,a slide rule and one of the finest mathematical minds in the country,Mrs.Johnson, who died at 101,calculated the precise path that would let Apollo 11 land on the moon in 1969 and,after Neil Armstrong's history-making moonwalk,let it return to Earth Wet throughout Mrs.Johnson's 33 years in NASAN& Flight Research Division and for decades afterward,almost no one knew her name.She was just one of those unheralded women who,well before the modem feminist(女权)movement,worked as NASA mathematicians.But it was not only her gender that kept her long marginalized and long unsung Katherine Johnson,a West Virginia native,was also African-American.

But over time,the work of Mrs.Johnson and her colleagues--countless calculations done mainly by hand,using slide rules,chart paper and inefficient desktop calculating machines--won them a level of acceptance that for the most competitive race.

“NASA was a very professional organization,”Mrs.Johnson told The Observer of Fayetteville,N.C.,in 2010. “They didn't have time to be concerned about what color I was.”Nor,she said,did she.”I don't have a feeling of inferiority,”Mrs.Johnson said on at least one occasion.”Never had.I m as good as anybody,but no better.”

To the end of her life,Mrs.Johnson refused praise for her role in sending astronauts into space,keeping them on course and bringing them safely home.”I was just doing my job,”Mrs.Johnson repeatedly said so.But what a job it was--done,no less,by a woman born at a time when the odds were more likely that she would die before age 35 than even finish high school.

1.The underlined word “unheralded”most probably means______.

A.not adequately paid

B.not previously mentioned

C.not officially rewarded.

D.not fast promoted

2.It was ___________ put together that made Mrs. Johnson a miracle.

A.her skin color, her gender and the facilities

B.her gender, her intelligence and the facilities

C.her skin color, her gender and her intelligence

D.her intelligence, her skin color and the facilities

3.From Mrs. Johnson's comments on NASA and her own job, we can conclude that ____________.

A.she was confident and modest

B.NASA shows no interest in staff's races

C.She was superior to most women in her age

D.NASA is professionally organized and supportive

4.Which of the following is the best title for the passage?

A.Woman Made Calculations

B.NASA Marginalized Mathematicians

C.Gender Divided Organizations

D.Mathematician Broke Barriers