The most thoroughly studied intellectuals in the history of the new world are the ministers and political leaders of seventeenth-century New England. According to the standard history of American philosophy, nowhere else in colonial American was “so much important attached to intellectual pursuits.” According to many books and articles, New England’s leaders established the basic themes and preoccupations of an unfolding, dominant Puritan tradition in American intellectual life.
To take this approach to the New Englanders normally mean to start with the Puritans’ theological（神学的）innovations and their distinctive ideas about the church --- important subjects that we may not neglect. But in keeping with our examination of southern intellectual life, we may consider the original Puritans as carriers of European culture, adjusting to New would circumstances. The New England colonies were the scenes of important episodes in the pursuit of widely understood ideals of civility and virtuosity.
The early settlers of Massachusetts Bay included men of impressive education and influence in England. Besides the ninety or so learned ministers who came to Massachusetts church in the decade after 1629, there were political leaders like John Winthrop, an educated gentleman, lawyer, and official of the Crown before he journeyed to Boston. These men wrote and published extensively, reaching both New World and Old World audiences, and giving New English an atmosphere of intellectual earnestness.
We should not forget, however, that most New Englanders were less will educated. While few craftsmen or farmers, let alone dependents and servants, left literary compositions to be analyzed. Their thinking often had a traditional superstitions quality. A tailor named John Dane, who emigrated in the late 1630s, left an account of his reasons for leaving England that is filled with signs. Sexual confusion, economic frustrations, and religious hope --- all came together in a decisive moment when he opened the Bible, told his father the first line he saw would settle his fate, and read the magical words: “come out from among them, touch no unclean thing, and I will be your God and you shall be my people.” One wonders what Dane thought of the careful sermons explaining the Bible that he heard in Puritan churches.
Meanwhile, any settlers had slighter religious commitments than Dane’s, as one clergyman learned in confronting folk along the coast who mocked that they had not come to the New World for religion. “Our main end was to catch fish.”
1.The author notes that in the seventeenth-century New England______.
A.Puritan tradition dominated political life.
B.intellectual interests were encouraged.
C.Politics benefited much from intellectual endeavors.
D.intellectual pursuits enjoyed a liberal environment.
2.Which of the following meaning is closest to that of the underlined word in para.2?
A.a virtue B.an intelligent mind
C.a taste for fine arts D.a nice character
3.It is suggested in paragraph 2 that New Englanders __________.
A.experienced a comparatively peaceful early history.
B.brought with them the culture of the Old World
C.paid little attention to southern intellectual life
D.were obsessed with religious innovations
4.The early ministers and political leaders in Massachusetts Bay______.
A.were famous in the New World for their writings
B.gained increasing importance in religious affairs
C.abandoned high positions before coming to the New World
D.created a new intellectual atmosphere in New England
5.The story of John shows that less well-educated New Englanders were often_________.
A.influenced by superstitions
B.troubled with religious beliefs
C.puzzled by church sermons
D.frustrated with family earnings
Villa d’Este, Tivoli (Italy) --- Official Site Useful Information
Call Center 199766166
Number to dial from all of Italy for pre-sales and reservations for: tickets, guided tours, school groups, instructional visits.
Bookings from abroad:
email: villadestetivoli@teleart.org fax: 0039 0412770747
Visiting Hours:
Opening 8.30 – closed one hour before sunset.
The ticket office closes one hour before the closing of the monument.
The hydraulic organ of the Organ Fountain is active daily, from 10.30 am, every two hours.
The Fontana della Civetta functions daily, from 10.00 am, every two hours.
Ticket Prices:
(from May 17 to October 20, 2015)
Full ticket (exhibition + villa and gardens, not divisible): €11.
Reduced ticket: €7.
These prices will be valid during the daytime openings of the Villa until the closure of the exhibition, due on the 20th of October, 2015 (From the 22nd of October, 2015)
Full ticket: €8 Reduced ticket €4
These fares may vary in conjunction with exhibitions set inside the Villa. The right to purchase reduced price tickets belongs to all citizens of the European Union between the ages of 18 and 24 as well as permanent teachers of state schools (upon presentation of identity documents).
School Visits:
Reservations are required. The management of Villa d’Este, in the aim of preserving the monument and better distributing the flow of students, has limited the number of students allowed into the Villa to 100 students per hour. Should any school group arrive at the Villa without having made a reservation, it will be admitted to the Villa according to space availability at a particular time and asked to wait until such space becomes available. Right of reservation cost: €1,00.
Notices:
Certain areas of the villa may be closed for restoration: for information inquire at the ticket office. Please pay particular attention to the areas marked with signs indicating danger (in Italian: pericolo).
1.How can a visiting Chinese professor of architecture in Rome make a booking?
A.By dialing 199766166.
B.By writing an email to villadestetivili@teleart.org.
C.By calling 0039 04127 19036.
D.By sending a fax to 0039 0412 770747
2.The receptionist at the ticket office may recommend you to see ______first, if you arrive at 10.25 am.
A.the exhibition inside the villa B.the Organ Fountain
C.the gardens D.the Fontana della Civetta
3.Why are reservations essential for school visits?
A.Reservations are more economical.
B.Reservations enable as many students as possible to visit the monument.
C.Reservations ensure a pleasant visit for students and a manageable one of the Villa.
D.Reservation fees can help preserve the site.
The Tide Rises, the Tide Falls
——By Henry Wadsworth Longfellow
The tide rises, the tide falls,
Along the sea-sands damp and brown
The traveler hastens toward the town,
And the tide rises, the tide falls.
Darkness settles on roofs and walls,
But the sea, the sea in the darkness calls;
The little waves, with their soft, white hands
Efface the footprints in the sands,
And the tide rises, the tide falls.
The morning breaks; the steeds in their stalls
Stamp and neigh, as the hostler calls;
The day returns, but never more
Returns the traveler to the shore,
And the tides rises, the tide falls.
1.What is the figurative meaning of the title “The Tide Rises, the Tide Falls” indicate?
A.The change of the ocean B.the sequence of human history
C.the coming and going of travelers D.the eternity of the natural world
2.Which line is parallel to “The morning breaks: the steeds in their stalls”?
A.The tide rises, the tide falls
B.The twilight darkens, the curlew calls
C.Along the sea-sands damp and brown
D.The traveler hastens toward the town
3.In stanza 2, the word “Efface” in line 4 is the closest to ________ in meaning.
A.Draw B.engrave
C.erase D.impress
4.In stanza 3, “the day returns, but nevermore; returns the traveler to the shore”, the poet possibly means________.
A.Time hustles; people bustle
B.The traveler comes to the town just once
C.People will die while time goes on
D.If time had feelings, people would stay
“Just the man I was looking for,” said a voice at Winston’s back.
He turned round. It was his friend Syme, who worked in the Research Department. Syme was a philologist, a specialist in Newspeak. Indeed, he was one of the enormous team of experts now ______ in compiling the Eleventh Edition of the Newspeak dictionary.
“How is the dictionary ______?” asked Winston.
“Slowly,” said Syme. “I’m on the adjectives. It’s fascinating.”
He had ______ immediately at the mention of Newspeak.
“The Eleventh Edition is the definitive edition,” he said. We’re getting the language into its final shape --- the shape it’s going to have when nobody speaks anything else. When we’ve finished with it, people like you will have to learn it all over again. You think, I dare say, that our chief job is inventing new words. But not a bit of it! We’re ______words --- scores of them, hundreds of them, every day. We’re cutting the language down to the ______. The Eleventh Edition won’t ______ a single word that will become obsolete before the year 2050.”
His thin dark face had become animated and his eyes had grown almost dreamy.
“It’s a beautiful thing, the destruction of words. It isn’t only the synonyms, there are also the antonyms. After all, what justification is there for a word which is simply the opposite of some other words? A word contains its ______in itself. Take ‘good’, for instance. If you have a word like good, what need is there for a word like ‘bad’? ‘Ungood’ will do just as well --- better, because it’s an exact opposite, which the other is not. Or again, if you want a stronger version of ‘good’, what sense is there in having a whole string of ______useless words like ‘excellent’ and ‘splendid’ and all the rest of them? ‘Plusgood’ covers the meaning, or ‘doubleplusgood’ if you want something ______ still. Of course we sue those forms already, but in the final version of Newspeak there’ll be nothing else. In the end the whole notion of goodness and badness will be covered by only six words --- in reality, only one word. Don’t you see the beauty of that, Winston?”
A sort of vapid eagerness fitted across Winston’s face. Nevertheless Syme immediately detected a certain ______ of enthusiasm.
“You haven’t a real appreciation of Newspeak, Winston,” he said almost sadly. “In your heart you’d prefer to ______ to Oldspeak with all its vagueness and its useless shades of meaning. You don’t grasp the beauty of the destruction of words. Do you know that Newspeak is the only language in the world whose vocabulary gets smaller every year? Don’t you see that the whole aim of Newspeak is to ______ the range of thought? In the end we shall make thoughtcrime literally impossible, because there will be no words in which to express it. Every concept that can ever be needed will be expressed by exactly one word, with its meaning rigidly ______. Already, in the Eleventh Edition, we’re not ______ that point. But the process will still be continuing ______ you and I are dead. Every year fewer words, and the range of consciousness always a little smaller. Even now, there’s no reason or excuse for committing thoughtcrime. But in the end there won’t be any need even for that. Has it ever occurred to you, Winston, that by the year 2050, at the very latest, not a single human being will be alive who could understand such a conversation as we are having now?”
1.A.engaged B.dressed C.elected D.appointed
2.A.getting on B.putting on C.carrying on D.taking on
3.A.woken up B.brightened up C.put up D.lived up
4.A.escaping B.inventing C.coining D.destroying
5.A.skin B.flesh C.bone D.muscle
6.A.involve B.hold C.contain D.include
7.A.meaning B.similarity C.origin D.opposite
8.A.random B.vague C.precise D.misery
9.A.stronger B.better C.more D.less
10.A.share B.margin C.lack D.ounce
11.A.react B.object C.flee D.stick
12.A.offer B.narrow C.widen D.shoot
13.A.associated B.lost C.defined D.explained
14.A.far from B.close to C.along with D.parallel to
15.A.long after B.long before C.shortly after D.shortly before
Much to her disgust, his confidence________ on arrogance.
A.edges B.borders
C.splits D.emphasizes
As President, he appointed men to high government positions ________ he considered most capable, ________ some of them openly defied his authority.
A.which … as though B./ … though
C.which … even if D.whom … as though
