Over the last 25 years, psychologists have found that personalities center on five basic traits(特性) — the Big Five: agreeableness, conscientiousness (责任心), neuroticism, extroversion and openness. Contrary to common belief, people just aren’t organized into certain personality types. Every trait is a continuous dimension and everyone can be described as having varying levels of each trait. A new research has also found animals from ants to apes all have the Big Five and that the universality of personality points to an evolutionary (进化) origin.
Animals and humans have common problems of survival, which are spelled out beautifully in the Big Five, and that’s why there’s so much continuity in human personality and animal personality. For example, conscientiousness involves behaviors like planning and consideration, which are important among animals for taking care of their young, selecting mates and living in groups. Being neat and orderly — aspects of conscientiousness-also has evolutionary superiority. Bees that like to keep clean and remove more dead group members reduce risk of disease, gain more weight and reproduce more Spiders that make tidy webs catch more insects. Birds that build neater and solider nests attract more mates.
These behaviors may seem primitive, but they’re nevertheless indications of personality. Personality is the expression of all of the behaviors that humans and animals exhibit that allow them to function adaptively in the world.
Evolution can also explain why personalities vary so much. Depending on the situation, each of the Big Five can be advantageous. For example, agreeableness is great for relationships. But if a lion were charging at you, you’d be better off with a less agreeable and more aggressive personality. Because the world is so unpredictable, every aspect of each personality trait could be useful at different times, so instead of evolving a single type of personality that’s best for every situation, we’re left with a wide variety.
1.What do people generally think about personality types?
A.Different personality types have respective strengths.
B.Everyone falls into a particular personality type.
C.People with common personality types gather,
D.Everyone has mixed personality types.
2.What’s the purpose of mentioning some animals in Paragraph 2?
A.To illustrate the advantages of being conscientious.
B.To analyze survival chances of cooperative animals.
C.To explain why they are tidy and orderly.
D.To throw new light on their behavior.
3.Why do we display a certain personality in a specific situation?
A.To be free of trouble.
B.To be adaptive to circumstances.
C.To compete for equal rights.
D.To gain advantages over others.
4.What does the text mainly focus on?
A.Personality and behavior.
B.Categories of Big Five.
C.Contradictory facts on personality.
D.Diversity and variability of personality.
The Tokyo Summer Olympics is going green. The 5,000 medals Japan has made are more special than most.
One novel focus of the Tokyo Olympics is to be“sustainable”—to avoid using too many natural resources, so that the games are easy on the environment. As part of this goal, the organizers decided to make all of the Olympic medals out of metal recycled from old electronics.
Almost all electronics are made with small amounts of "precious metals", like gold and silver. But collecting enough of these metals to make 5,000 medals was a huge challenge. That's because the amount of metal in each device is tiny. It would take about 20,000 cell phones to get just 1 kilogram of gold.
Beginning in April 2017, the organizers placed collection boxes around the country, and asked people to turn in their old electronic devices. Soon people began to respond to the initiative, turning in smartphones, digital cameras, hand-held games, and laptops. At first, collection went slowly, but soon more and more areas began to take part. By the end, 1,621 local governments had helped out with the collection process.
Then came the job of breaking those devices down into smaller pieces. After being taken apart and sorted, the small electronics were smelted (熔炼) to get all the gold, silver, and bronze elements. This is a tricky job, which calls for careful attention and good skill. It's also dangerous, because some of the metals and other things aren't safe for people to touch or breathe.
By the end of March, 2019, the organizers had hit their targets of getting enough metal for the medals. They had collected around3xkilograms of gold, 4,100 kilograms of silver and 2,200 kilograms of bronze. And now all the 5,000 medals are available for the would-be winners.
1.What can we know about the Tokyo Olympics medals?
A.They are hugely valuable.
B.They are of high quality.
C.They are designed uniquely.
D.They are made from e-waste.
2.What does Paragraph 4 mainly tell us?
A.The difficulty of making the medals.
B.The process of collecting old electronics.
C.The initiative to recycle used smartphones.
D.The classification of the collected devices.
3.The underlined word “tricky”in Paragraph 5 means“ ”.
A.creative B.well-paid
C.demanding D.time-consuming
4.What's the purpose of Tokyo's way of making the medals?
A.To advocate sustainable use of resources.
B.To promote the spirit of Olympic Games.
C.To introduce a new technique to make medals.
D.To call people's attention to environmental damage.
The unique ocean animals were discovered by a team of scientists led by Dr. Christine Dudgeon from Australia’s University of Queensland during a 12 year global conservation study.
The newly-found sharks have evolved (进化) to survive in low oxygen environments, enabling them to hunt during low tides. The researchers believe their ability to use their fins (鰭) to walk affords the sharks a remarkable edge over the smaller animals they try to hunt. “While they are super hunters in their shallow habitat, the tiny sharks present no threat to people,” says Dudgeon. “At less than a meter long on average, they’re incredibly cute little animals that do not look like sharks at all,” she adds.
A DNA analysis of skin samples from the live fish suggests that walking sharks broke away from their original population and became a distinct species about nine million years ago. Though that may appear to be a long time ago, it is relatively recent given that sharks have been around for more than 400 million years. In fact, Dudgeon and her team believe walking sharks are the youngest kind of sharks on Earth!
The researchers say that the sharks’ small numbers and small habitat make them extremely vulnerable (易受伤害) to natural disasters and overfishing. They are currently on the Nature Red List, which lists species at risk. Dudgeon and her team believe sensible conservation management plans are urgently needed to protect the walking sharks and other endangered animals from further threats.
1.What is the most noticeable feature of the newly-found sharks?
A.They are cute and harmless to humans.
B.They can survive in their shallow habitat.
C.They walk on their fins across the seafloor.
D.They are the youngest kind of sharks on Earth.
2.What is Paragraph 3 mainly about?
A.The evolution of the shark.
B.The behavior of the sharks.
C.The population of the sharks.
D.The DNA samples of the sharks.
3.What should be done without delay according to Dudgeon and her team?
A.Adjusting the methods of fishing.
B.Putting the sharks on the Nature Red List.
C.Changing the sharks’ living environments.
D.Adopting necessary measures to protect the sharks.
4.In which column of a website can we read the text?
A.Environment. B.Nature.
C.Education. D.Geography.
Long Island’s hiking routes offer an escape for family time or your own mental or physical health. There’s lots to see, so open your senses because it's a relaxing thing to do in a stressful time.
Sagamore Hill, Oyster Bay
Walk along the same path that President Theodore Roosevelt walked with his family and guests. Sagamore Hill, now a national park, was once the summer home of the 26th president. The expansive property has a nature path through thick woodlands where hikers can walk over a little bridge over a stream. It’s a short, three-quarter-mile path through oak and tulip trees.
INFO: Open sunrise to sunset daily year-round; free; 516-922-4788.
Blydenburgh County Park, Hauppauge
The east side of the park is flat, making the walk very kid-friendly. The west side is a bit more hilly, but both have splendid water views of the pond. On the east side is also the rowboat area and benches, as well as picnic tables.
When you’re at Blydenburgh County Park, go in the north entrance off Route 347, where the main office of the Greenbelt Trail Conference is situated. The office, also the start of the routes, provides information and maps.
INFO: Dawn to dusk; 631-854-3712. No fee collected from the main gate in the fall and winter.
Tackapausha Preserve, Seaford
The preserve has self-guided routes for the public and is a fun walk for kids with a stop at the museum to complete the visit. Guided walks at the museum are available with advance reservations for organizations and school groups. The paths are flat, well-maintained and clearly marked, with a pond with bridges and a waterfall along the way. It’s a great place to bring your family to bird watch, enjoy animals and connect with nature.
INFO: Free and open sunrise to sunset; 516-571-7443.
1.What is Sagamore Hill probably famous for?
A.A nature path.
B.A little bridge.
C.The thick woodlands.
D.A president’s summer home.
2.What do Blydenburgh County Park and Tackapausha Preserve have in common?
A.They are free.
B.They have water views.
C.They have picnic service.
D.They favor the elderly.
3.What should a group of students do for a better visit to the museum in Tackapausha Preserve?
A.Book guided walks.
B.Take a new route.
C.Make additional payment.
D.Consult museum guides.
假如你是李华，你们学校即将举行英语戏剧节活动，你们班正为此排练节目A Midsummer Night’s Dream，遇到一些困难，请你给外教 Mr. Jones写一封电子邮件寻求他的指导和帮助，要点如下：
1. 排练时间、地点;
2. 求助内容。
注意:1. 字数100字左右；
2. 可以适当增加细节，以使行文连贯。
参考词汇:排练 rehearsal
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假定英语课上老师要求同桌之间交换修改作文，请你修改你同桌写的以下作文。作文中共有10处语言错误，每句中最多有两处。每处错误仅涉及一个单词的增加、删除或修改。
增加：在缺词处加一个漏子符号（∧）并在其下面写出该加的词。
删除：把多余的词用斜线(＼)划掉。
修改：在错的词下划一横线，并在该词下面写出修改后的词。
注意：1.每处错误及其修改均仅限一词；
2.只允许修改10处，多者（从第11处起）不计分。
A lady placed her clock at the bed, and every day she found herself awaking by a long sound. She arose at once, and felt better all day for her early rising. This lasted for weeks. The alarm clock faithfully do its duty. But, after the time, the lady grew tired of it. When she heard its sound, she merely turned over in bed, and was slept again. The clock spoke just loudly as ever; but she did not hear it.
So it is of conscience. If we will obey its voice, even in the tiny things, we can always hear it, clearly and strong. But if we allow us to do that may not be quite right, we shall grow more and more sleepy, until the voice of conscience has no longer powers to wake us.
