Why do people undertake volunteer work and what keeps their interest in the work?
Let’s begin with the question of why people volunteer. Researchers have identified several factors that motivate people to get involved. For example, people volunteer to express personal values related to unselfishness, to expand their range of experiences, and to strengthen social relationships. If volunteer positions do not meet these needs, people may not wish to participate. To select volunteers, you may need to understand the motivations of the people you wish to attract.
People also volunteer because they are required to do so. To increase levels of community service, some schools have launched compulsory volunteer programs. Unfortunately, these programs can shift people’s wish of participation from an internal factor to an external factor. When that happens, people become less likely to volunteer in the future. People must be sensitive to this possibility when they make volunteer activities a must.
Once people begin to volunteer, what leads them-to remain in their positions over time? To answer this question, researchers have conducted follow-up studies in which they track volunteers over time. For instance, one study followed 238 volunteers in Florida over a year. One of the most important factors that influenced their satisfaction as volunteers was the amount of suffering they experienced in their volunteer positions. Although this result may not surprise you, it leads to important practical advice. The researchers note that attention should be given to “training methods that would prepare volunteers for troublesome situations or provide them with strategies for coping with the problem they do experience”.
Another study of 302 volunteers at hospitals in Chicago focused on individual differences in the degree to which people view “volunteer” as an important social role. It was assumed that those people for whom the role of volunteer was most part of their personal identity would also be most likely to continue volunteer work. Participants indicated the degree to which the social role mattered by responding to statements such as “Volunteering in hospital is an important part of who I am.” Consistent with the researchers’ expectations, they found a positive correlation (正相关) between the strength of role identity and the length of time people continued to volunteer. These results, once again, result in concrete advice: “Once an individual begins volunteering, continued efforts might focus on developing a volunteer role identity... Items like T-shirts that allow volunteers to be recognized publicly for their contributions can help strengthen role identity.”
1.People volunteer mainly out of ________.
A.school requirements B.social expectations
C.financial rewards D.internal needs
2.What does the author want to tell us in the third paragraph?
A.People who participate in volunteer programs in schools are sensitive.
B.External factors are more important than internal factors in volunteer work.
C.Being required to be volunteers may make people reluctant to do volunteer work.
D.Volunteer programs in school can encourage people to do more volunteer work in future.
3.What can we learn from the Florida study?
A.Follow-up studies should last-for one year.
B.Volunteers should get mentally prepared.
C.Strategy training is a must in research.
D.Volunteers are provided with concrete advice.
4.What is most likely to motivate volunteers to continue their work?
A.Individual differences in role identity.
B.Practical advice from researchers.
C.Role identity as a volunteer.
D.Publicly identifiable volunteer T-shirts.
One after another, telecommunications giants (通信巨头) have announced their latest fifth generation (5G) products. They have also claimed that 5G technology would be used on a massive scale by 2020. Yet, when reporting about 5G, many domestic media outlets have described it as a “much faster” technology than 4G without mentioning any of its other advantages. As a result, the common public view about 5G is that they could “download a high-density movie within one second”. Beyond that, most people know nothing about 5G.
Actually, 5G technology has many more advantages than 4G apart from speed. According to the criteria of 3GPP, an international standardization organization, 5G technology can be used for at least three purposes—for connecting everything, reliability of connections, and eliminating delays.
“Connecting everything” is an appropriate slogan for 5G technology, without which the Internet of things would be impossible. 5G would enable one server to connect to multiple terminals (终端) and thus establish high-speed coordination among them, and help the chips inside the terminals to timely react to meet people’s needs. Take for example, autonomous vehicles, which are mature technology products. Self-driving cars combine a variety of sensors, such as radar, computer vision, and GPS to identify navigation paths and obstacles. 5G technology will link all the elements of a transportation system, such as traffic lights, cameras and, of course, cars to establish perfect coordination so they can avoid obstacles and move on navigation paths, which will help strengthen self-driving technology.
Reliability of connections is another essential characteristic of 5G technology, whose use can be extended to other fields where high safety standards are required. For instance, in certain surgeries, surgeons insert nano-robots inside a patient’s body and have to maintain constant control over the robots to ensure they perform their functions and do not cause any harm to the patient. This is an technology can be of great help, as it can establish reliable and continuous connections between the monitor and the nano-robots.
1.What will the author most probably discuss in the paragraph that follow?
A.Eliminating delays. B.5G network capacity.
C.Disadvantages of 5G. D.Building 5G base stations.
2.Which can also serve as an example of “connecting everything”?
A.Improvement of smart phone signals.
B.Decrease in telecommunication cost.
C.High speed in-playing computer games.
D.Online tests for all members at the same time.
3.Why can 5G be used in fields with high safety standards?
A.It can attract most eyeball on a massive scale.
B.It can provide dependable and constant service.
C.It offers massive machine type of communication.
D.It employs 4G base stations and occupy less space.
4.What would be the best title for the passage?
A.5G Technology: More Than about High Speed
B.5G Technology Will Shape the Future of Connectivity
C.Telecom Giants Work Together to Better 5G Technology
D.Advantages and Disadvantages of 5G Technology and Products
On March 25, 2010, Kate and David Ogg heard the words every parent fears: Their newborn son wasn’t going to make it. Their twins—a girl and a boy—were born two minutes apart and 14 weeks premature, weighing just over two pounds each. Doctors had tried to save the boy for 20 minutes but saw no improvement. His heartbeat was nearly gone, and he’d stopped breathing. The baby had just moments to live.
“I saw him gasp (喘气), but the doctor said it was no use,” Kate said. “I know it sounds stupid, but if he was still gasping, that was a sign of life. I wasn’t going to give up easily.”
Still, the Sydney couple knew this was likely goodbye. In an effort to treasure her last minutes with the tiny boy, Kate asked to hold him.
“I wanted to meet him, and for him to know us,” Kate told Today. “We’d resigned ourselves to the fact that we were going to lose him, and we were just trying to make the most of those last, precious moments.”
Kate unwrapped the boy, whom the couple had already named Jamie, from his hospital blanket and ordered David to take his shirt off and join them in bed. The first-time parents wanted their son to be as warm as possible and hoped the skin-to- skin contact would improve his condition. They also talked to him.
"We were trying to attract him to stay.” Kate said. “We explained his name and that he had a twin that he had to look out for and how hard we had tried to have him.”
Then something miraculous happened. Jamie gasped again—and then he started breathing. Finally, he reached for his father’s finger. The couple’s lost boy had made it.
1.What do we know about the newborn boy mentioned in Paragraph 1?
A.He weighed only two pounds.
B.He almost died.
C.He was two minutes older than his twin sister.
D.He had no heartbeat. ‘
2.Why did the parents make the skin-to-skin contact with the boy?
A.To keep in touch with their son.
B.To follow the doctors’ requirements.
C.To communicate with their son.
D.To better their son’s condition.
3.What does the underlined word “miraculous” in the last paragraph mean?
A.touching B.unexpected
C.ridiculous D.fortunate
4.What is the best title for the text?
A.A Lucky Boy. B.Endless Love
C.Life-giving Touch D.An Unforgettable Experience
* Broadreach Summer Adventures
Since 1993, Broadreach has taken over 18,000 students on high school study abroad programs in 40+ countries. Broadreach students earn certifications and community service hours while gaining practical experience in biology, leadership, photography, diving or public health.
Dates: Ranging from 12—31 days long in June, July and August
Cost.- See the website
Tel: 919-256-8200
Website: www. gobroadreach.com
* ARCC Programs
ARCC Programs offers Gap Semesters, domestic and international adventure programs in 20 countries. ARCC students travel to a variety of the world’s greatest locations and participate in activities such as community service projects, cultural experience, surfing and more!
Dates? 2-to 5-week programs every summer (June through August) and 90-day Gap semester programs every fall and spring
Cost: US $ 1,500—US $ 2,200 per week
Tel: 415-332-5075
Website: www. adventurescrosscountry.com
* South Australian Government Schools
Study abroad with us and experience beautiful South Australia. There are many schools to choose from with a wide choice of subjects. You can try a new subject such as robotics, photography or ballet, or perhaps a new sport such as surfing. Schools also offer a variety of activities including music bands, drama productions and adventure activities. We take care of every aspect of your study program including your accommodation.
Dates: Programs are available all year round
Cost: See the website
Tel/Fax’: +618 82263402, +618 8226 3665
Website: www.internationalstudcnts.sa.edu. au
* ISSOS International Summer Schools
ISSOS International Summer Schools Program offers high school students (aged 13—18) the opportunity to combine learning with adventure in one of three amazing university towns of St Andrews, Cambridge and Yale. Students choose one academic class and one elective program that they follow for their three-week residential stay.
Dates: St Andrews (Session 1: 30th June—21st July 2020. Session 2: 24th July— 14th August 2020)
Cambridge (10th July—31st July 2020)
Yale (14th July—4th August 2020)
Cost: Sec the website
Tel: 0044 3300 777 247
Website: www.issos.com
1.If a high school girl wants to experience the life in the world’s greatest university, she can choose ________.
A.Broadreach Summer Adventures
B.ARCC Programs
C.South Australian Government Schools
D.ISSOS International Summer Schools
2.On a South Australian Government School program, a student ________.
A.can get practical experience in biology
B.can attend activities such as community service projects
C.needn’t worry about his or her accommodation
D.can visit Yale University on 14th July
3.The text is mainly written for those who ________.
A.want to travel to some different universities
B.are fond of different after-school activities
C.are interested in applying to foreign universities
D.intend to take part in some study abroad programs
假定你是李华,你班的美国交换生Tom结束了在你校一年的学习，即将回国。你和同学打算于7月10日下午在班上为他开一个欢送会（farewell party），特写信邀请他参加。要点包括：
1.欢送会的时间和地点；
2.感谢Tom的帮助；
3.美好祝愿。
注意：
1.词数100左右；
2.可以适当增加细节，以使行文连贯；
3.开头语已为你写好，不计入总词数。
Dear Tom,
How time flies! It’s one year since you came to study Chinese in our school.
______________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________
Yours sincerely,
Li Hua
假定英语课上英语老师要求同桌之间交换修改作文，请你修改你同桌写的以下作文。文中共有10处语言错误,每句中最多有两处。每处错误仅涉及一个单词的增加、删除或修改。
增加：在缺词处加一个漏字符号（∧），并在其下面写出该加的词。
删除：把多余的词用斜线（\）划掉。
修改：在错的词下划一横线，并在该词下面写出修改后的词。
注意：1.每处错误及其修改均仅限一词；
2.只允许修改10处，多者（从第11处起）不计分。
Dear Ms Smith,
I’m writing to ask whether you could do me favor. I’ve just finished an essay naming “Differences between traditional Chinese and Western festivals”, so I’m not sure whether it is well written. To be honestly, I’m not that familiar with some traditional Western festivals. That’s because I’m turning to you for help. I’d appreciate it if you could spare some time to look into my essay for possible mistakes and polish them. Also, I’m looking forward to your valuable advices. My essay has been sending to you along with this email. I hope it won’t cause you too much more trouble.
Thank you in advance.
Yours sincerely,
Li Hua
