A new study finds that the average performance of students from the lowest income families in the US lags(滞后) about three to four years behind that of the highest income students-an achievement gap that has remained constant for decades. An analysis of standardized tests given to more than 2. 7 million middle and high school students over 40 years suggests that federal education programs aimed at closing the gap are falling short.
Researchers looked at results from four different programs conducted nationwide at various intervals from 1971 to 2015 to test teenagers in math, reading and science. A total of 98 exams were used in the programs, testing students aged 13-15 as well as 17-year-olds. Test scores for 17-year-old students in the bottom 10th income percentile(百分位) were far lower than those in the top 10th percentile.
Meanwhile, the overall test scores didn't shift for 17-year-olds during the study period. They did improve slightly for 13-to 15-year-olds, which suggests that federal programs for younger students have been helpful. But the lowest income students still score much lower than the highest income students. “Programs for older students are badly needed,” says study coauthor Eric Hanushek, an education economist at Stanford University. “Lower achievement in high school leads to lower earning potential throughout adulthood. The next generation is going to look a lot like this generation. Kids from poor families will become poor themselves.”
Whether the problem is worsening, however, is up for debate. A 2011 study, conducted by Stanford education sociologist Sean Reardon, looked at 12 exams administered from 1960 to 2007, and found that the gap in test scores between the poorest and the wealthiest students grew by 40 percent. It shows the poorest students lag about three to six years behind their wealthier peers in learning. Reardon suggested parents of means were increasingly investing in their children's education, sharpening the divide.
The different results between the new study and that conducted in 2011 come down to the fact that the researchers analyzed results from different tests and how they categorized(分类) family income level, says education sociologist Anna Chmielewski. Hanushek and Reardon agree that the income-related achievement gap is alarming.
1.What does the result of the new study indicate?
A.The poorest students' lagging behind exists in specific age groups.
B.A better standard for category should be adopted in the study.
C.The federal education programs turned out unsuccessful generally.
D.A better school performance necessarily leads to higher income.
2.How does the author present the serious issue?
A.By showing the discussion result. B.By clarifying some points.
C.By doing a questionnaire. D.By making a comparison.
3.What may cause the different results of the two studies?
A.The different countries. B.The analytical methods.
C.The income assessments. D.The different ranges of age.
4.Why does the income-related achievement gap concern people?
A.It will disappear eventually.
B.It will further widen the social gap.
C.It results in the students' blind competitions.
D.It makes Americans smarter and richer.
“What is the biggest challenge of graduate school?” an undergraduate asked the group of graduate students at an event I helped organize last summer. “Not letting the support from my community turn into pressure,” one member responded. That answer might have surprised some, who probably expected to hear about experiments that didn't work or trudging through academic materials. But I understood exactly what she meant.
Throughout my education, friends and family have expected me to take advantage of every opportunity I come across because I may not get the same chance again. They expect me to give outstanding performances everywhere I go because I represent them and our culture. Mentors(导师) expect that I will never give up. This has been a great source of motivation, but also of pressure.
I remembered a conversation with a mentor. At the end of my first year of graduate school, I struggled with a strong desire to leave the program with a master's degree. I was accustomed to hearing “Don't give up” and “You have to finish”-words that were meant to be motivational. Instead, they made me feel I would be a disappointment if I left. After I discussed the pros and cons of leaving with my mentor, she responded completely different from what I expected. “I support any decision you make,” she said. “I will always be proud of you and your achievements.” Hearing this simple, direct statement of support, I felt every muscle of my body loosen.
My mentor knew the right thing to say, but we can't expect the same from everyone. Sometimes, friends and family ask me, “How long until you get your degree?” As many graduate students will agree, this question is a stress starter. Now, when people in my community-always with the best intentions-say something that creates pressure and makes me feel bad, I tell them and we talk about it. I tell them that I prefer to hear, “Do you need someone to talk to? How can I help you through this rough time?” This was a bit awkward at first. But I've started to notice a change. These days, I get fewer stress-inducing(引起压力的) questions and comments.
1.Which can replace the underlined word “trudging” in paragraph 1?
A.Struggling. B.Seeing.
C.Breaking. D.Cutting.
2.What can be inferred from paragraph 3 about the author?
A.He was afraid to leave his program.
B.He appreciated what his mentor said.
C.He preferred to discuss pros and cons.
D.He had a strong desire to get a master's degree.
3.Which does the author prefer to hear when he needs support?
A.Never give up!
B.How about a chat?
C.Have you prepared for the result?
D.Go ahead! I will back you up!
4.What's the main idea of the text?
A.Value the source of inspiration from your community.
B.Communicate with your community more about study.
C.Find a way to block out support from your community.
D.Let support from your community become less stressful.
A Time for an adventure?
Are you a bit bored with your nine-to-five routine? Have a look at our exciting range of holidays and decide what type of adventure you'd like.
Activity holidays
Our activity holidays are for everyone, people who love danger or who just like sports. We have a huge variety of water, snow or desert holidays. We'll take you SCUBA diving in the Red Sea or kayaking and white water rafting in Canada. If you prefer snow, you can try skiing or snowboarding in the Alps. For those who like warmer weather, we also have sandboarding-he desert version of skateboarding.
Polar expeditions
Take a cruise to the Antarctic or the Arctic; explore a land of white natural beauty and wonderful wildlife. Our experts will explain everything about the two poles as you watch the penguins in the Antarctic or whales and polar bears in the Arctic.
Cultural journeys
Our cultural journeys will help you discover ancient civilizations: India, Thailand, Egypt and many more. Visit temples, palaces and ancient ruins-just remember to bring your camera! Get to know local ways of life by exploring markets, trying foreign foods and meeting local people.
Trekking tours
We have trekking holidays to famous places such as Machu Picchu or the Everest Base Camp Trek, as well as some nearer to home in the Highlands of Scotland. You don't need to be very sporty, just fairly fit. You'll have a great time enjoying nature with a group of new friends. Some of the holidays include camping, but we'll transport the tents for you!
1.Which tour will you choose if you want to watch animals in nature?
A.Activity holidays. B.Polar expeditions.
C.Cultural journeys. D.Trekking tours.
2.What can explorers probably do during the trekking tours?
A.Do some sports. B.Enjoy sandboarding.
C.Camp on the mountains. D.Try snowboarding in the Alps.
3.Who are the holiday adventure events mainly aimed at?
A.Senior retirees. B.Young teenagers.
C.Regular workers. D.Successful businessmen.
阅读下面短文，根据其内容写一篇60词左右的概要。
Look inside any family home in the evening, and you might see a typical enough scene: Mom and Dad, each on their own laptop or tablet, streaming movies, catching up on work or maybe answering emails on their smartphones. Meanwhile, one child is chatting online with one school friend while texting another. The other is playing a video game with a friend on the other side of the city at the same time. Each member of the family is totally absorbed in his or her own piece of technology.
According to some experts, the effect of technology on human relationships is worrying as technology becomes a substitute for face-to-face human relationships. It appears to be the case that many people would much rather spend time with their electronic gadgets(电子产品) than with one another. Young people say it is difficult to get their parents’ attention and they have to compete with smartphones, tablets and other technology.
However, a report from the Pew Internet and American Life Project offers a more helpful and encouraging view, suggesting that far from replacing human contact, technology can actually better family relationships. Just over half of the 2,253 people surveyed agreed that technology had enabled them to increase their contact with distant family members and 47 percent said it had improved the communication with the people they lived with. Moreover, even the closest members of families need time away from each other at some point to seek their own interests. Family members who might otherwise have sat in separate rooms can now be in the same one while still occupying a different mental space.
Look back at our typical family scene above. Is it any different from four people reading their own books? Or is it driving families apart? Where technology will lead us remains to be seen. Yet there is no need to worry. As a matter of fact how it affects our family relationships depends on our attitude toward technology.
________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________
为响应我市“低碳生活”的号召，学生会向全校学生发出了“告别纸巾，使用手帕”(Using Handkerchiefs Instead of Facial Tissue)的倡议。请你代表学生会，用英语写一封倡议书，内容包括：
①使用纸巾的弊端； ②使用手帕的好处； ③呼吁全体学生一起加入。
注意：1. 词数在80左右；
2. 开头已给出，不计入总词数。
参考词汇：面巾纸facial tissue 手帕handkerchief/hanky
Dear fellow students,
______________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________
The Students’ Union
阅读下面材料，在空白处填入适当的内容（1个单词）或括号内单词的正确形式。
Wang Peng and Yong Hui are couples. Before they got married, they opened their own restaurants and competed fiercely.
Wang Peng thought his meal was good and his restaurant ought to be full of people, but they all went to a newly-opened restaurant 1.belonged to Yong Hui. Driven by 2.curious), Wang Ping came in and 3.(give) a menu. He was amazed at the 4.(limit) food with high prices. But Yong Hui told the customers that they could lose weight 5.they ate there every day. He couldn’t have Yong Hui 6.(get) away with telling lies. After doing research, he realized that neither his restaurant 7.Yong Hui’s offered a healthy diet. Arriving home, Wang Peng rewrote his own sign and hoped to win his 8. (customer) back. But Yong Hui came to his restaurant glaring 9.him angrily. Instead of arguing, they chatted and thought they should combine their ideas and provide 10. balanced menu with foods full of energy and fiber. After some time, they cooperated and got married.
