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    Have you ever noticed tiny raised areas on the branches of a tree? These may have been insects. These small insects feed on tree sap (汁液). Insects on urban trees are notably more abundant than those on rural trees. As a result, urban trees suffer from heavy infestations (害虫横行), and are often unhealthy or die. To protect and restore urban trees’ health, we need to determine the factors that make these tree pests more successful in urban habitats.

Living organisms interact closely with their environment. The warmer, more drought-stressed trees harbor more successful pests than cooler, less drought-stressed trees. As cities and natural habitats become hotter and drier, damaging insects will become more abundant on urban trees.

Trees within urban forests are valuable economically and for the environmental sustainability (可持续性) of the region. More than half of the world’s population lives in cities. Across the globe, people are moving into cities at a faster rate than ever. Rapid growth may turn cities into places with harder conditions. Although cities are primarily made of buildings, roads, parking lots, and vehicles, there are still plants in them. The trees within a city are referred to as the urban forest. Urban forests offer very big benefits to human and environmental health. They improve air and water quality, provide habitat for wildlife, cool down temperatures and beautify our environment. They make cities livable.

However, being a city tree is not easy. Heat released by human activities is trapped in cities. As a result, temperatures in urban areas are often warmer than their surrounding rural areas. We call this urban warming or the urban heat island effect. Urban habitats are mostly made of surfaces of asphalt (沥青) and concrete. These surfaces reduce the amount of rainwater that reaches tree roots. As a result, urban forests may suffer, which can negatively affect people and the environment.

What can we do to restore urban forests? Regular irrigation when possible may help keep pest populations under control. Planting tree species that are suitable to handle heat and drought stress would also reduce the occurrence of insect pest outbreaks.

1.What makes tree pests more successful in the city than in rural areas?

A.The warmer and rainy habitat.

B.The hotter and drier habitat.

C.The cooler and drier habitat.

D.The hotter and rainy habitat.

2.Urban forests make cities livable by         .

A.providing people enough clean water

B.improving the living environment

C.offering people economic benefits

D.lowering the temperatures

3.According to the text, what results in the city trees’ suffering?

A.Natural disasters.

B.Invisible forces.

C.Human activities.

D.Natural evolution.

4.What would be the best title for the text?

A.The Importance of the Urban Trees

B.How to Protect the Urban Trees

C.Urban Trees Are in Great Danger

D.Let’s Act for the Protection of Urban Trees

    Whenever we talk about holidays, my mother teases my sister and me about how we “make out like robbers.” She is referring to the fact that we are half Jewish and half Indian, so we receive gifts on both the. festivals of lights. Hanukkah and Diwali. Though my mother teases us, I do not mind getting two sets of gifts!

Hanukkah is celebrated on the 25th day of the Jewish month. which is usually sometime in December. On Hanukkah, like most Jewish families. we light a menorah and say a prayer each night. We also say a special prayer on the first night. After that, it is a tradition tor my sister and me to do ‘hot and cold’, for our hidden Hanukkah gifts. When we walk towards the gift, our parents say ‘hot’ and when we walk further away, they say ‘cold’. We each receive one present every night of Hanukkah. Another part I like about this holiday is seeing family members who we do not see often. My aunt usually stays for a few days, and we sometimes visit other relatives.

Diwali is celebrated on the 13th day of the dark fortnight of the month of Ashwin(October / November). To celebrate Diwali, my family does a pooja, or prayers, in honor of the goddess Lakshmi. Since she is the goddess of wealth and prosperity, the pooja includes washing silver coins in milk and water. In India, people decorate their houses with lamps, similar to the way you might light up your house for Christmas. My family just places a few candles outside We also set off firecrackers, which is my favorite part. We often do this activity with friends to add to the excitement.

Both holidays have different histories and stories We celebrate them in different ways, yet they both have the same meaning. They both translate into. Festival of Lights, and they both mean family and presents for me!

1.Why does the author receive gifts on both Hanukkah and Diwali?

A.Because he lives in a rich family.

B.Because he lives in two different countries.

C.Because his parents like celebrating their different cultures.

D.Because his parents like spending money buying gifts for them.

2.What does the underlined phrase “hot and cold” in Paragraph 2 refer to?

A.A kind of Hanukkah game.

B.A kind of Hanukkah gift.

C.A can of festival drink.

D.A riddle written on lights.

3.we can learn from the text that Hanukkah and Diwali          .

A.share the same history and culture

B.are celebrated by both Jews and Indians

C.are both related to the legend of lights

D.encourage the families to do their prayers

4.What is the author’s attitude towards Hanukkah and Diwali?

A.She enjoys celebrating both of them.

B.She does mind spending them.

C.She likes Hanukkah better.

D.She likes Diwali better.

    Attention from strangers is nothing new to me. Questions about my height is the center of almost every public interaction. My friends say my height !s just a physical quality and not a personality aspect. However, when I reflect on my life, I realize that, my height has shaped my character in many ways and has helped to make me who I am.

I learned how to be kind. When I was younger, some parents in my neighborhood regarded me kind of dangerous because I was so much larger than other children my age. I had to be extra welcoming and gentle simply to play with other children. Of course. now my coaches wish I weren’t quite so kind on the basketball court.

I learned the quality of not being too proud about myself. At 7 feet tall, everyone expects me to be an amazing basketball player. They come expecting to see Dirk Nowitzki, and instead they might see a performance more like Will Ferrell(successfully starred a professional basketball player). I have learned to be modest and to work even harder than my fellows to meet their (and my) expectations.

I developed a sense of lightheartedness. When people playfully make fun of my height, 1laugh at myself too. On my first day of high school, a girl dropped her books in a busy hallway. I got down to her level and gathered some of her notebooks. As we both stood up, her eyes widened as I kept rising over her. Astonished, she dropped her books again. Embarrassed, we both laughed and picked up the books a second time.

All of these lessons have defined me. Looking back, I realize that through years of such experiences, I have become a confident, expressive person. Being a 7-footer is both a blessing and a curse, but in the end, accepting who you are is the first step to happiness.

1.Why does the author often draw attention from strangers?

A.He is interested in public interaction.

B.He has a unique personality.

C.He is physically strong.

D.He is extremely tall.

2.When he was young, the author intended to be more friendly just to           .

A.gain extra favor

B.play with other children

C.prove his kindness

D.please his coach

3.It can be inferred from Para. 3 that          .

A.Dirk Nowitzki was an awful basketball player

B.the author seldom disappointed his basketball fans

C.the author expected to make something better of himself

D.Will Ferrell was better at playing basketball than Dirk Nowitzki

4.What does the text mainly talk about?

A.The height has shaped the author’s personality and life.

B.The height has brought the author a lot of trouble.

C.Some funny experiences the author ever had

D.Being tall benefits the author in many ways

阅读下面文字，并按照要求用英语写一篇150词左右的文章。

As many as one in seven recent graduates in Britain may have cheated by using essay mils (论文工坊) during the last four years, according to a recent study. Essay mills, also known as “constrict cheating”, refers to companies offering essay-writing services for a fee which is hard to-spot since the essays are written by humans or even tailored. Some British universities have seen' decline in transitional plagiarism (剿窃) but this is now being replaced by constrict cheating, figures show.

Experts have warned that essay mills have become more common, not only in Britain, but also across the world in recent years, with labor being outsourced to unemployed university graduates in counties like Kenya, India and Pakistan. Dr. Irene, academician manager at Coventry University and vice president European Network for Academic Integrity, said these figures are just the tip of the iceberg since so many instances go unnoticed. She added that students are being “bombarded (轰炸)” with advertisements for essay mills on social media as well as on campus.

The number of students using essay mills at different British universities

[写作内容]

1.以大约30词概括所给文字和图表的内容；

2.简述“论文工坊”可能造成的影响(至少两点)；

3.就如何应对“论文工坊”，提出你的建议(至少两点)。

[写作要求]

1.写作过程中不能直接引用原文语句；

2.作文中不能出现真实姓名和学校名称；

3.不必写标题。

[评分标准]

内容完整，语言规范，语篇连贯，词数适当。

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请认真阅读下列短文，并根据所读内容在文章后表格中的空格里填入一个最恰当的单词。注意：每个空格只填1个单词，请将答案写在答题卷上相应题号的横线上。

Could a Doodle （涂鸦）Replace Your Password?

Nearly 80 percent of Americans own a smartphone, and a growing proportion of them use smartphones to surf the Internet, not just when they’re on the go. This leads to people storing considerable amounts of personal and private data on their mobile devices.

Often, there is just one layer of security protecting all that data--emails and text messages, social media profiles, bank accounts and credit cards, even other passwords to online services. It’s the password that unlocks the smartphone’s screen. Usually this involves entering a number, or just laying a fingertip a sensor.

Over the past couple of years, my research group, my colleagues and I have designed, created and tested a better way. We call it “user-generated free-form gestures,” which means smartphone owners can draw their own security pattern on the screen. It’s a very simple idea that is surprisingly secure.

1. IMPROVING TODAY'S WEAK SECURITY

It might seem that biometric (生物识别的) authentication (认证), like a fingerprint, could be stronger. But it’s not, because most systems that let a user allow fingerprint access also require a PIN (Personal Identification Number) or a password as a backup method. A user or thief could skip the biometric method and instead just enter (or guess) a PIN or a password. Compared to other methods, our approach dramatically increases the potential length and complexity of a password. Users simply draw a pattern across an entire touchscreen, using any number of locations on the screen.

2. MEASURING DRAWINGS

As users draw a shape or pattern on the screen, we track their fingers, recording the directions and speed. We compare that track to one recorded when they set up the gesture-based login. This protection can be added just by software changes; it needs no specific hardware or other modifications to existing touchscreen devices. As touchscreens become more common on laptop computers, this method could be used to protect them too.

Our system also allows people to use more than one finger — though some participants wrongly assumed that making simple gestures with multiple fingers would be more secure than the same gesture with just one finger. The key to improving security using one or more fingers is to make a design that is not easy to guess.

3. EASY TO DO AND REMEMBER, HARD TO BREAK

Some people who participated in our studies created gestures that could be articulated as symbols, such as digits, geometric shapes (like a cylinder) and musical notations which are easy for them to remember. Even a relatively simple symbol, like an eighth note, can be drawn in so many different ways that calculating the possible variations is computationally intensive and consumes plenty of time. This is unlike text passwords, for which variations are simple to try out.

4. REPLACING MORE THAN ONE PASSWORD

Our research has extended beyond just using a gesture to unlock a smartphone. We have explored the potential for people to use doodles instead of passwords on several websites. Unappeared to be easier to remember multiple gestures than it is to recall different passwords for each site.

In fact, it was faster. Logging in with a gesture took two to six seconds less time than doing so with a text password. It’s faster to generate a gesture than a password, too. People spent 42 percent less time generating gesture credentials than people we studied who had to make up new passwords. We also found that people could successfully enter gestures without spending as much attention on them as they had to with text passwords.

Gesture-based interactions are popular and prevalent on mobile platforms, and are increasingly making their way to touchscreen-equipped laptops and desktops. The owners of those types of devices could benefit from a quick,easy and more secure authentication methods like ours.