I came home one day recently and, for reasons I don’t quite understand, my living room smelled like my grandmother’s house. Suddenly I felt as if I were 12 years old, happy and relaxed, sitting in her kitchen. I can remember what her house looked like, though it was sold 20 years ago – her three-level plant stand, the plates lining the walls, the window over her sink – but these visual memories don’t have the power that smell does. The funny thing is, I can’t even begin to describe the odor(气味) that was so distinctively hers. The best I can do is this: “It smelled like my grandmother’s house.”
It’s a common experience, and a common linguistic( 语言学的) problem. In cultures worldwide, people have powerful olfactory memories. This odor-memory link is also called “the Proust phenomenon,” after Marcel Proust’s famous description of the feelings aroused by a cake dipped in tea in “Remembrance of Things Past.”
Olfactory memories seem to be more closely bound up with emotions than are visual or auditory ones.
Not all these memories are pleasant, of course, and smells can also trigger feelings of pain.
It is surprisingly hard for English-speakers to describe the odors that occasion such strong emotions, however. English possesses almost no abstract smell words that pick out links or themes among unrelated aromas(芳香).
We have plenty of these in the visual field. “Yellow,” for example, identifies a characteristic that bananas, lemons, some cars, some flowers, old book pages, and the sun all share.
But for odors, we don’t have many more than the vague “musty” (smells old and stale) and “musky” (smells perfumey). We usually have no choice but to say that one thing smells like another – like a banana, like garlic, like diesel fuel.
A few languages, though, do have a rich odor vocabulary. Linguist Asifa Majid has found that the Jahai, the Semaq Beri, and the Maniq, hunter-gatherer groups in Malaysia and Thailand, employ a wide range of abstract smell words and can identify aromas as easily as we can colors. The Jahai have a word, for example, that describes “the seemingly dissimilar smell of petrol, smoke, bat poop, root of wild ginger and wood of wild mango.”
Last year my cat got sprayed by a skunk(臭鼬), and the vet told me to wash its face with coffee to cover the bad smell. Until then, I had never realized that coffee, which I find delicious, smells remarkably like skunk spray, which I do not.
Science has identified the chemicals that both share. They are called mercaptans (硫醇). But in oral English, we have no word for the underlying note that connects these two odors. If the Jahai drank coffee and encountered skunks, I bet they would.
1.The opening paragraph is mainly intended to .
A.express the writer’s affection for his grandmother
B.direct the readers’ attention to a linguistic problem
C.tell us the odor of the grandmother’s house stayed the same
D.prove smell has a greater power than visual memories
2.Which of the following is related to olfactory memories?
A.Forming an image in mind after seeing the word “injury”.
B.Feeling sympathetic when seeing a sick cat.
C.Dancing to the music upon hearing it played.
D.Missing fried eggs with garlic cooked by mum.
3.The example of the Jahai suggests that .
A.the Jahai don’t have many words in the visual field
B.English possesses many vague words like “musty” and “musky”
C.the Jahai has more abstract smell words than English
D.skunk and coffee have the same smell, but different functions
4.What can we learn from the passage?
A.The author feels pity about the limitation of his language.
B.English has a wide range of visual and odor vocabulary.
C.Olfactory memories can bring nothing but pleasant feelings.
D.Cultures worldwide always collide with each other.
The QUIK-FRYTM Electronic Wok
It is important that you read this carefully before first using the wok. Until you become familiar with the product, we advise that you can keep this handy and refer to it when required.
IMPORTANT SAFEGUARDS:
◇ In order to prevent the risk of electric shock. DO Nor IMMERSE the cord or the probe in water or any other liquid.
◇Whenever he wok is used near children, it is essential that close supervision takes place Never leave the appliance unattended while in use. Before disassembling the wok for cleaning, SWITCH OFF AND REMOVE THE PLUG from the power source.
◇ DO NOT USE THE Quick-Fry WOK OUTDOORS.
◇ Avoid touching hot surfaces; instead use the heat resistant handles on the wok or the heal-resistant plastic knob on top of the glass hid. DO NOT OPERATE NEAR HOT SURFACES such as electric hotplates, gas burners or in a heated oven.
◇DO NOT COVER the Quick-Fry wok with the lid while using it to deep fry foods. Failure to comply will cause condensation to drip onto the oil and cause splattering.
◇DO NOT ATTEMPT REPAIR of the Quick Fry wok. If the cord becomes damaged, or if the appliance is malfunctioning, do not operate. Return the appliance to the nearest authorized service center for repair. DO NOT OPEN THE BASE OR TOUCH THE ELECTRICAL COMONENTS INSIDE. Tampering with the base will void the warranty.
Manufactured for operation only from a standard domestic power source.
How to Use the Quick-Fry Electric Wok:
Be sure to season the wok before using it for the first time, Assemble the wok and heat to the highest setting. Rub the non-stick inner surface of the wok with 1 tablespoon of oil. Use thick paper toweling. and be very careful to avoid touching the hot surface.
Cooking Methods:
1.This text is most probably from _______ .
A.an advertisement for the electric wok
B.a cooking book designed for customers
C.an instruction booklet for the wok
D.a customer review of the wok
2.One of the advantages of the wok is that _______.
A.you don't need to pay close attention to it when cooking
B.you may remove its base when cleaning the wok
C.you can repair the wok by yourself when it is not working properly
D.you can touch the wok because it is totally free from heat
Everyone in business has been told that success is all about attracting and retaining (留住) customers. It sounds _______and achievable. But, _______, words of wisdom are soon forgotten. Once companies have attracted customers they often _______ the second half of the story. In the excitement of beating off the competition, negotiating prices, securing orders, and delivering the product, managers tend to become _______. They forget what they regard as the boring side of business—_______ that the customer remains a customer.
_______ to concentrate on retaining as well as attracting customers costs business huge amounts of money annually. It has been estimated that the average company loses between 10 and 30 percent of its customers every year. In constantly changing _______, this is not surprising. What is surprising is the fact that few companies have any _______ how many customers they have lost.
Only now are organizations beginning to wake up to those lost opportunities and calculate the _______implications. Cutting down the number of customers a company loses can make a big ________ in its performance. Research in the US found that a five percent decrease in the number of defecting (流失的) customers led to ________ increases of between 25 and 85 percent.
In the US, Domino’s Pizza estimates that a ________customer is worth more than $5,000 over ten years. A customer who receives a poor quality product or service on their first visit and ________ never returns, is losing the company thousands of dollars in ________ profits (more if you consider how many people they are likely to tell about their bad experience).
The logic behind cultivating customer ________ is impossible to deny. “In practice most companies’ marketing effort is focused on getting customers, with little attention paid to ________ them”, says Adrian Payne of Cornfield University’ School of Management. “Research suggests that there is a ________ relationship between retaining customers and making profits. ________ customers tend to buy more, are predictable and usually cost less to service than new customers. Furthermore, they tend to be less price ________, and may provide free word-of-mouth advertising. Retaining customers also makes it ________ for competitors to enter a market or increase their share of a market.
1.A.simple B.difficult C.tough D.complicated
2.A.in particular B.in reality C.at least D.first of all
3.A.emphasize B.doubt C.overlook D.believe
4.A.carried away B.carried back C.carried on D.carried through
5.A.denying B.ensuring C.arguing D.proving
6.A.Moving B.Hoping C.Starting D.Failing
7.A.markets B.tastes C.prices D.expenses
8.A.thought B.idea C.opinion D.view
9.A.culture B.social C.financial D.economical
10.A.promise B.plan C.mistake D.difference
11.A.cost B.opportunity C.profit D.budget
12.A.usual B.ordinary C.common D.regular
13.A.as a result B.on the whole C.in conclusion D.on the contrary
14.A.huge B.potential C.extra D.reasonable
15.A.beliefs B.loyalty C.habits D.interest
16.A.altering B.understanding C.keeping D.attracting
17.A.close B.distant C.deep D.shallow
18.A.Assumed B.Respected C.Established D.Unexpected
19.A.agreeable B.flexible C.friendly D.sensitive
20.A.unfair B.difficult C.essential D.convenient
阅读下面材料，根据其内容和所给段落开头语续写两段，使之构成一篇完整的短文。续写的词数应为150左右。
The Board Meeting had come to an end. Bob started to stand up and knocked into the table, spilling his coffee over his notes. ''How embarrassing! I am getting so clumsy(笨拙的) in my old age. ''
Everyone had a good laugh, and soon we were all telling stories of our most embarrassing moments. It came around to Frank, who sat quietly listening to the others. Someone said, ''Come on, Frank. Tell us your most embarrassing moment. ''
Frank laughed and began to tell us of his childhood. ''I grew up in San Pedro. My Dad was a fisherman. He had his own boat, but it was hard making a living on the sea. He worked hard and would stay out until he caught enough to feed a big family. Not just enough for our family, but also for his Mom and Dad and the other kids that were still at home. ''
He looked at us and said, ''I wish you could have met my Dad. He was strong from pulling the nets and fighting the seas for his catch. When you got close to him, he smelled like the ocean. No matter how much my mother washed his clothes, they would still smell of the sea and of fish. ''
Frank's voice dropped a bit. ''When the weather was bad, he would drive me to school. He had this old truck that he used in his fishing business. That truck was older than he was. Half the time, he would slam to a stop and the old truck would belch(喷出) a cloud of smoke. He would pull right up in front, and it seemed like everybody would be standing around and watching. Then he would lean over and give me a goodbye kiss on the cheek and tell me to be a good boy. It was so embarrassing for me. Here, I was twelve years old. I was a big boy and my Dad would lean over and kiss me goodbye! ''
He paused and then went on, ''I remember the day I decided I was too old for a goodbye kiss. When we got to the school and came to a stop, he had his usual big smile. He started to lean toward me, but I put my hand up and said, 'No, Dad. ' ''
……
注意：1. 所续写短文的词数应为 150 左右；
2. 续写部分分为两段，每段的开头语已为你写好；
Paragraph 1:
It was the first time I had ever talked to him that way, and he had this surprised look on his face.
__________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________
Paragraph 2:
Frank got a funny look on his face, and the tears began to well up in his eyes.
____________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________
假设你是李华，作为交换生（an exchange student）正在英国 windmill College 学习。今天早晨你骑车上学时不小心刮擦到了一辆停在路边的汽车。由于急着上学，你无法在原地等候车主。请留一张便条，内容包括：
1. 表明身份；2.简述事情经过；3.道歉并表示愿意赔偿；
4. 联系方式（Tel:5893671 E-mail: lihua@windmillco.org）。
1. 表达歉意 2. 解释原因 3. 另约时间
___________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________
阅读下列材料，在空白处填入适当的内容(一个单词)或括号内单词的正确形式。
From the “Roman Warm Period” to the “Little Ice Age” that began in the 14th century, periods of hot and cold weather1. (extend) for centuries. As a result, many have argued that the current period of global warming2.(be) part of a natural pattern and the human role in creating3. has been exaggerated.
This new study suggests that is not4. case. Scientists reconstructed the major climate events of the past 2,000 years by looking around 700 records, tree rings, ice cores and lake sediments(沉淀物) 5. (include). Not one single event affected as much of the world6.the present period of warming is now doing. Other scientists7. have looked at the study have been impressed by the quality of the research.
The researchers involved argue that the new 8. (finding) reveal many theories put forward by climate scientists9. (explain) the rise in temperatures, including changes in solar activity. The current period of climate change is mainly down to humans, they insist. Natural causes, they say, are10. (simple) not sufficient to explain the warming scene over the last century and a half.
