Cells in our brain usually send “stop eating” signal when we’ve had enough. But after mice ate fatty foods for just two weeks, their brains’ brake on overeating quieted down. That finding may help explain the complex link between food and appetite that can become disordered when people overeat.
Food is essential to life. Our brains have, therefore, evolved a series of systems to make sure we eat enough. Garret Stuber, a neuroscientist at the University of Washington, together with his team took aim at one brain area known to be involved in eating behaviors.
This lateral hypothalamus (下丘脑外侧区) contains many diverse cells Stuber’s group looked at the behaviors of genes in the cells here. And in one type—glutamatergic nerve (谷氨酸能神经) cells—big differences appear between fat mice and lean ones.
Earlier work by Stuber’s group had suggested that these cells act like a brake on eating. When the researchers prevented these cells from firing, mice suddenly overate. They also fattened up. But it wasn’t clear how the cells’ activity changed as the mice transitioned from slim to fat.
“Obesity doesn’t just happen overnight,” notes Stuber. To find out the secret, his group undertook a new study. They fed mice high-fat food. Now and again, they’d use a fancy microscope to look at how well the animals’ glutamatergic cells could fire off signals.
Two weeks into the high-fat food—even before the mice became round – the activity of these nerve cells had slowed. It continued as the animals grew larger over a 12-week period. “The cells’ activity was going down as a function of high-fat diet. The results suggest that the high-fat diet is removing the brake on eating and obesity,” explains Stuber.
It’s hard to say whether similar cells normally control people’s appetite. Brain-imaging tests have shown that the same brain region —the hypothalamus—plays a role when people shift between hunger and feeling full.
1.What happened after the mice ate fatty foods for two weeks?
A.Their appetite was getting worse. B.Their brains became disordered.
C.They refused to eat zero fat food. D.They lacked a feeling of fullness.
2.It can be learned from the text that glutamatergic nerve cells ________.
A.are easily found in lean mice B.can prevent mice from overeating
C.function well under any condition D.are a main part of lateral hypothalamus
3.Why did Stuber’s group undertake the new study?
A.To study the role of glutamatergic cells in mice’s fattening up.
B.To find out the link between high-fat diets and obesity.
C.To find out deciding factors in mice’s appetite.
D.To study the eating habit of fat mice.
4.What is the main idea of the text?
A.Obesity influences glutamatergic nerves’ function.
B.Glutamatergic nerves decide people’s appetite.
C.High-fat diets lead to overeating.
D.Our brains control our food choices.
We often hear such statements: “I spilled (洒出) juice, but it wasn’t my fault.”, “I got in trouble at school, but it wasn’t my fault.” or “I was in a car accident, but it wasn’t my fault.” That “It’s not my fault.” is a go-to response for so many people and especially teenagers.
Parents complain they are tired of the “excuse”. The reason why variations of “It’s not my fault.” are so popular is that it lets us off the hook from guilt and blame. I’m a fan of not owning responsibility for things that I can’t control. Teens who often say “It’s my fault.” when something bad happens tend to be highly self-critical, perfectionistic and more easier to be troubled by anxiety and depression.
While it is important to recognize lack of reason to blame oneself, many teens over-rely on “It’s not my fault.” When trying to get them to take responsibility, parents usually attempt to convince their teens that something is their fault. The approach tends to be ineffective and turn into a power struggle. No one wins. A more effective approach can be to stress significant drawbacks to consistently focusing on removing our responsibility with this phrase.
Overuse of the phrase can result in feelings of lack of ability to control their own lives. This sense has been shown to cause low motivation. Besides creating feelings of lack of ability, overuse of “It’s not my fault.” focuses a teen’s attention on what is done as opposed to what needs to be done.
People may not have caused all their problems but they have to solve them anyway. The example I frequently share with teens is the question of what one will do if he is pushed into a deep lake. One can certainly stay in water, yelling, “It’s not my fault.” However, that won’t get him out of water. He needs to swim to the shore, regardless of the fault.
If you take a proper approach to communicating with your teens, you can help them avoid over-reliance on “It’s not my fault.”
1.What phenomenon is described in Paragraph 1?
A.The teenagers’ dislike for school life.
B.The common trouble faced by teenagers.
C.The reasons for blaming others for accidents.
D.The tendency for people not to be responsible for mess in life.
2.What type of teens tends to suffer great mental pressure according to the text?
A.Those lacking confidence and ambition.
B.Those allowing others to find excuses.
C.Those unable to get along well with others.
D.Those often blaming themselves for some incidents.
3.What’s the author’s attitude to parents’ usual way of guiding children?
A.Supportive. B.Negative.
C.Ambiguous. D.Neutral.
4.What lesson is conveyed in the example often shared by the author?
A.We should try to avoid troubling others.
B.We should focus on how to solve problems.
C.We should dare to point out others’ mistakes.
D.We should be self-critical as much as possible.
By the 1970s, the Olympic Marathon had come a long way from the dusty roads of Athens. Yet women were still not allowed to compete and the struggle to establish a women’s Olympic Marathon was itself something of a long-distance race.
Women had been excluded from long-distance running until 1928, when the typical long race was the 800 meters. The women competitors hadn’t properly prepared for the race and several fell down and became temporarily unconscious due to extreme tiredness. This led Olympic organizers in 1928 to consider the marathon too violent for women.
This is not to say there was no tradition of women’s long-distance running. Women had been prohibited from participating in the ancient Olympics by the cruel law. But women in ancient Greece held their own festival to honor the goddess Hera every five years. Only one athletic event was held — a running race.
When the Olympics were revived in 1896, women were again excluded. However, in 1967, women’s ability in running attracted great attention. Number 261 in the Boston Marathon was given to K V. Switzer. Not until two miles into the race did officials realize that Switzer was a woman. Race officials tried to catch Switzer and remove her from the race but her teammates fended them off with body blocks. And Switzer wasn’t scared by officials’ aggressive actions. She kept running. Although the running was demanding, Switzer didn’t give up and eventually finished the race. Switzers story made the quest for equality in long-distance running for women a political issue. Slowly, the rules did begin to change.
The first women’s marathon officially agreed by the IAAF was the Tokyo International, held in 1979. IAAF president Adriaan Paulen watched the race. He was so impressed by the level of the competition that he announced he would fully support the effort to establish a women’s marathon in the Olympics. Soon the IAAF recommended to the IOC that a women’s marathon be included in the 1984 Los Angeles Olympics. And the advice was adopted.
1.What was the reason for women’s failing to attend the Olympic Marathon in 1928?
A.They generally weren’t enthusiastic about it.
B.They were thought not strong enough for it.
C.They weren’t supported by the public to attend it.
D.They were too tired to make full preparations for it.
2.Which of the following can best replace the underlined word in Paragraph 3?
A.separated B.banned C.freed D.protected
3.Which of the following best describe Switzer?
A.Brave and determined. B.Talented and kind.
C.Honest and easygoing. D.Optimistic and clever.
4.What’s Adriaan Paulen’s contribution to women’s running?
A.Letting women have the right to compete against men in running.
B.Making a series of rules for women’s running.
C.Having trained many outstanding women runners.
D.Helping women be qualified for the Olympic Marathon.
Brisbane is an exciting city, voted as one of the most liveable cities in Australia. Its fine food will make you hate to leave. Here are four famous restaurants.
Kingsley Steak Crab House
Located on the waterfront of the Brisbane River with views of the Story Bridge, Kingsleys Steak & Crab House supplies an incomparable ideal setting for lunch or dinner. With impressive views and a combination of both indoor and outdoor seating, it attracts a lot of tourists to have a unique dining experience here. It also offers fresh seafood, including Alaska king crabs, high-grade wine and friendly staff.
Rates per person: $35
Moo moo The Wine Bar
Moo Moo The Wine Bar is an award-winning chain of lakeside dining sites. Originally, it was founded in 2005 by Steven Adams, a well-known chef. MooMoo has since claimed many awards, including Queensland’s Best Steak Restaurant 2008, Gold Riverside Restaurant of the Year 2007, and Gold Coast’s Best Steak Restaurant.
Rates per person: $40-$45
Jellyfish Restaurant
The beautiful views over the Brisbane River are just a starter to come from Jellyfish Restaurant. Its aim is to source and serve fishes of 8 species daily, to learn and understand the texture and qualities of each species and recommend the best way to cook to its customers and serve for the fine experience.
Rates per person: $30-$45
Tibetian kitchen
For a fine dining experience in Brisbane, it is hard to go past Tibetian Kitchen founded by the award-winning well-known chef Matt Moran. With a beautiful setting on the bank of the Brisbane river, Tibetian Kitchen is all about beautifully presented dishes which look like pieces of perfect artwork. This is what Tibetian Kitchen differs from other restaurants above.
Rates per person: $35-$45
1.What can we learn about MooMoo The Wine Bar?
A.It is competitive in price. B.It is famous for its steak.
C.It has a favorable location. D.It has a history of about ten years.
2.Which will you choose if you intend to learn some cooking skills?
A.Kingsleys Steak Crab House B.Moo Moo The Wine Bar
C.Jellyfish Restaurant D.Tibetian Kitchen
3.How is Tibetian Kitchen different from other restaurants mentioned in the text?
A.Its environment is elegant. B.Its food rates are much lower.
C.Its chefs have won many awards. D.Its food presentation is rather pleasing.
假设你是中牟三高高一年级的李华，你的外教老师Mr. Black对中国汉字很感兴趣，最近学校举办汉字听写大赛，请你给他写封信，邀请他观看。内容包括：
1.比赛时间：本周五下午2:30—5:00；
2.比赛地点：学校报告厅；
3.比赛目的。
注意：
1.词数100左右。
2.可以适当增加细节，以使行文连贯。
中国汉字听写大赛Chinese character spelling contest
Dear Mr. Black,
___________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________
Yours,
Li Hua
假定英语课上老师要求同桌之间交换修改作文，请你修改你同桌写的以下作文。文中共有10处语言错误，每句中最多有两处，每处错误仅涉及一个单词的增加、删除或修改。
增加：在缺词处加一个漏字符号（∧），并在其正下面写出该加的词。
删除：把多余的词用斜线（╲）划掉。
修改：在错的词下划一横线，并在该词正下面写出修改后的词。
注意：1.每处错误及其修改均限一词，请严格按照要求格式修改。
2.只允许修改10处，多者（从第11处起）不计分。
When I talked to Frank, and I found that he loved reading. From his childhood, he developed the habit of carry a little book in his pocket. He got used reading whenever he had anything else to do. He found the book was especially useless during the periods of waiting: waiting for meals, buses, doctors, haircuts, and even telephone calls. That was how he find himself fifteen minutes a day in reading. And that was why he read twenty books a year —one thousand book all his lifetime!
