Grown-ups know that people and objects are solid. At the movies, we know that if we reach out to touch Tom Cruise, all we will feel is air. But does a baby have this understanding? To see whether babies know objects are solid. T. Bower designed a method for projecting an optical illusion (视觉影像) of a hanging ball. His plan was to first give babies a real ball, one they could be expected to show surprise in their faces and movements. All the 16 to 24-week-old babies tested were surprised when they reached for the illusion and found that the ball was not there. Grown-ups also have a sense of object permanence. We know that if we put a box in a room and lock the door, the box will still be there when we come back. But does a baby realize that a ball that rolls under a chair does not disappear and go to never-never land (想像中的地方)? Experiments done by Bower suggest that babies develop a sense of object permanence when they are about 18 weeks old. In his experiments, Bower used a toy train that went behind a screen. When 16-week-old and 22-week-old babies watched the toy train disappear behind the left side of the screen, they looked to the right, expecting it to re-appear. If the experiment took the train off the table and lifted the screen, all the babies seemed surprised not to see the train. This seems to show that all the babies had a sense of object permanence. But the second part of the experiment showed that this was not really the case. The researcher substituted (替换) a ball for the train when it went behind the screen. The 22-week-old babies seemed surprised and looked back to the left side for the train. But the 16-week-old babies did not seem to notice the switch (更换). Thus, the 16-week-old babies seemed to have a sense of “something permanence,” while the 22-week-old babies had a sense of object permanence related to a particular object. 1.The passage is mainly about ______.
2.. In Paragraph 3, “object permanence” means that when out of sight, “object ______”.
3.. What did Bower use in his experiments?
4. Which of the following statements is true?
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Why do people drink too much, eat too much, smoke cigarettes or take drugs? What’s to blame for all the bad behavior? Most people would say that, while these self-destructive acts can have many root causes, they all have one obvious thing in common: they are all examples of failures of self-control, lacking the will power to resist them. According to a recent study, however, if you really think about it, something about that simple answer doesn’t quite make sense. In fact, it turns out that sometimes it’s having will power that really gets you into trouble. Think back to the time you took your very first taste of beer. Feeling sick, wasn’t it? When my father gave me my first try of beer as a teenager, I wondered why anyone would voluntarily drink it. And smoking? No one enjoys their first cigarette — it tastes awful. So even though smoking, and drinking alcohol or coffee, can become temptation (attraction) that you need your will power to resist, they never, ever start out that way. Just getting past those first horrible experiences actually requires a lot of self-control. Ironically (讽刺的是), only those who can control themselves well, rather than give in to such experiences, can ever someday come to develop a “taste” for Budweiser beer, Marlboro cigarettes, or dark-roasted Starbucks coffee. We do it for social acceptance. We force ourselves to consume alcohol, cigarettes, coffee and even illegal drugs, just in order to seem experienced, grown-up, and cool. These bad habits aren’t self-control failures — far from it. They are voluntary choices, and they are in fact self-control successes. Self-control is simply a tool to be put to some use, helpful or harmful. To live happy and productive lives, we need to develop not only our self-control, but also the wisdom to make good decisions about when and where to apply it. 1.What do most people think causes bad behavior?
2. The author mentions his experience in the third paragraph to prove ______.
3.In the last paragraph, the author stresses (强调) that ______.
4. What would be the best title for the passage?
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WHAT’S ON
1.Suppose you are too far away from Beijing or you can’t spare time to go there in person, which of the following shows can you enjoy all the same?
2.. The phrase “get a preview of” used in the passage means ______.
3. If you and your classmates have a free evening to spend on the 19th of January, which is a useful number to call?
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From the time I was seven, I had a dream of becoming a member of the Students Union. I always 31 my school leaders for taking responsibility for all of us. So I dreamed of being a leader. Years flew by, and soon I was able to take part in the elections, 32 I would win. But the reality struck that I hadn’t had a chance. I wasn’t pretty. Girls across the school hardly knew me. I just did not have what it 33 to win a school election. I was depressed. As I cried in my room that evening, I 34 took a deep breath and decided I wouldn’t stop dreaming. I decided that I would stand for elections again in my final year at school — and I would win. I recognized that my 35 had a lot of things in their favor. What were the 36 that would work in my favor? I had good grades, and I was friendly and helpful. And my biggest strength was the 37 I had. I would not allow my plain appearance to hold me 38 from putting my best foot forward. That evening, I began my election plans a whole year ahead of time. I realized that the girls would have to get to know me and recognize that I had the ability to 39 them. I loved making friends and I liked being helpful, 40 I decided that perhaps I could use these qualities to work to my advantage. In order to learn how to deliver a great election 41 , I also attended a course on effective public speaking. The day after the election, when the principal announced I won the second highest number of votes, the students 42 . That joy on the faces of all my friends showed me that my victory was also theirs. Suddenly, I realized that I had 43 much more than I had dreamed of. I had made many new friends and had helped people 44 the way. I had won the 45 and love of my school-mates and they knew me as somebody who would stand by them. I was able to put a smile on their faces and brighten their day.
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— Do remember to charge the mobile phone 12 hours when you first use it. — ______.
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While building a tunnel through the mountains, ______.
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Scientists are convinced ______ the positive effect of laughter ______ physical and mental health.
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In American there are more households with pets than ______ with children.
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They are said to have developed a new ______ to teaching, which is said to improve classroom teaching greatly.
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The first one ______ will get a beautiful gift.
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