根据短文内容，从下框的A---F选项中选出能概括每一段主题的最佳选项。 选项中有一项为多余选项。

A. Reasons for Having Large Families in Some Countries.

B. Calculation of Population Growth.

C. Efforts Made to Lower the Mortality Rate (死亡率)

D. High Fertility Rates in Developing Countries.

E. Low Fertility Rates in Developed Countries.

F. Birth Control Programs.

1.________  

Population growth is determined by the relationship between births and deaths. The growth rate is calculated by the birth rate minus the death rate. If the birth rate is 4%, for example, and the death rate is 3%, the population growing at rate of 1% per year.

2.________

Historically, families had many children, but average life expectancies are low and many children died young. Improvements in nutrition and public health programs in the past 30 years have led to a drop in the mortality rate and hence to more rapid population growth.

3.________

Public health programs and improved nutrition over the past 30 years have brought about declines in mortality rates in the developing nations. But fertility rates(出生率)have not declined as quickly, and the result has been high rates of population growth. Reduced population growth depends to some extent on decreased birth rates.

4.______

Family planning and modern forms of birth control are important mechanisms for decreasing fertility, but by themselves such programs have had rather limited success in most countries where they have been tried. If family planning strategies are to be successful, they must make sense to the people who are supposed to benefit from them.

5._______

To a great extent, in developing countries people want large families because they believe they need them. In some societies, children are important sources of farm labor, and they may thus make significant contributions to household income. In societies without any social security programs for the aged, children may also provide a vital source of income for their old parents.        

    Dye (染料) can bring a little color to life. Most clothing is colored with dyes. Modern, manufactured dyes can be costly. Natural dyes from plant and animal products have been used since ancient times. So this week, we describe a natural way to dye wool.

    There are several methods to put dye onto material. The vat method, for example, can be used to dye wool with onionskins. For this example, use one hundred grams of natural wool. The wool must be clean. Leave it overnight in water and liquid soap. Then wash it with clean water that is a little warm. Gently squeeze out the extra water.

    A solution called a mordant (媒染) is used in the dying process. A mordant helps fix the dye to the material. Traditionally, mordants were found in nature. Wool ash is one example. But chemical mordants such as alum are popular today. Alum is sold in many stores. It is often mixed with cream of tartar, a fine powder commonly used in cooking.

    Mix eight grams of alum with seven grams of cream of tartar in a small amount of hot water. Add the solution to a metal pan of cool water. Next, add the wool and place the mixture over heat. Slowly bring the liquid to eighty-two degrees Celsius. Heat the mixture for forty-five minutes. After it cools, remove the wool and wash it.

    To prepare the dye solution, cover thirty grams of onionskins with water. Use only the dry, brown outer skins. Boil the liquid until the onionskins lose their color, about forty-five minutes. Remove the skins after the dye cools.

    Now it is time to dye the wool. Place the wool into the dye and heat the mixture. Bring it to a boil, then immediately reduce the heat to eighty-two degrees. Now heat the dye for about forty-five minutes or until the wool is the desired color. Keep in mind that wet wool looks darker than it is.

    Once the dye cools, remove the wool and wash it. Now the wool is orange or yellow. Or at least it should be.

1.According to the passage, mordants are ________.

A. dyes used in the dying process

B. materials which will be put dye to

C. wood ashes used in the dying process

D. not dyes but play an important role in the dying process

2.Which of the following statements about “natural dyes” is true?

A. They might be cheaper than chemical dyes.

B. They are more expensive than chemical dyes.

C. They have been used for only recent years.

D. They are all made from animal products.

3.As for the vat method, which of the following statements is NOT necessarily needed?

A. Ash.             B. Water.          C. Mordant.       D. Temperature.

4.Choose the proper order of dying wool:

a. boil the liquid with onionskins.

b. add mordants to a metal pan of cool water.

c. wash the wool with clean water.

d. put the wool into the liquid and heat it

e. heat the mixture and then wash it.

A. c, b, e, a, d     B. e, b, c, d, a     C. b, e, a, d, c       D. a, b, e, c, d

    In nineteen ninety-nine, twelve percent of public elementary schools in the United States required students to wear uniforms. Just three years later, estimates were almost double that.

    A study of six big-city Ohio public schools showed students who were required to wear uniforms had improved graduation, behavior and attendance rates. Academic performance was unchanged.

    Some middle and high schools in Texas have also joined the movement. Yet studies find mixed results from requiring uniforms. And some schools have turned away from such policies.

    Supporters believe dressing the same creates a better learning environment and safer schools. The school district in Long Beach, California, was the first in the country to require uniforms in all elementary and middle schools. The example helped build national interest in uniforms as a way to deal with school violence and improve learning.

    Findings in Long Beach suggested that the policy resulted in fewer behavior problems and better attendance. But researcher Viktoria Stamison, who has looked at those findings, says they were based only on opinions about the effects of uniforms.

    She says other steps taken at the same time to improve schools in Long Beach and statewide could have influenced the findings. The district increased punishments for misbehavior. And California passed a law to reduce class sizes.

    In Florida, for example, researcher Sharon Pate found that uniforms seemed to improve behavior and reduce violence. In Texas, Eloise Hughes found fewer discipline problems among students required to wear uniforms, but no effect on attendance.

    Sociologist David Brunsma has studied school uniform policies since nineteen ninety-eight. He collected the reports in the book. In his own study, he found that reading and mathematics performance dropped after a school in rural Pennsylvania required uniforms.

    Political and community pressures may persuade schools to go to uniforms to improve learning. But David Brunsma and others believe there is not enough evidence of a direct relationship. In fact, he says requiring uniforms may even increase discipline problems.

1.What’s the main idea of this passage?

A. More and more students are required to wear uniforms in the US.

B. Wearing uniforms contributes to good academic performance.

C. Researchers in the US argue for school uniform policies.

D. Evidence for school uniform policies in the US is seen as weak.

2.Which was/were the first in the US to require uniforms in all elementary and middle schools?

A. Six big-city Ohio public schools.

B. The school district in Long Beach, California.

C. Some middle and high schools in Texas.

D. Some elementary and middle schools in Florida.

3.Which of the following researchers are NOT supporters of school uniform policies?

A. Viktoria Stamison and Sharon Pate.  

B. Sharon Pate and David Brunsma.

C. Eloise Hughes and Sharon Pate.  

D. Viktoria Stamison and David Brunsma.

4.The underlined word “misbehavior” in the sixth paragraph probably means ______.

A. serious crime     B. bad performance

C. absence for class D. action against wearing uniforms

5.We can infer from the passage that ______.

A. more work is needed to get better information about uniform’s effect

B. the number of schools requiring uniforms in the US will decline sharply

C. wearing uniforms has little to do with behavior and learning

D. politicians and communities won’t vote for uniform policies

10 Days to More Confident Public Speaking

By The Princeton Language Institute, Lenny Laskowski

Paperback: 224 pages

Publisher: Warner Books

ISBN: 0446676683

This book is a course on giving public talks. It’s written by an expert in the field and has the tools to make you a relaxed, effective, and commanding public speaker. You can find clear, brief, step-by-step to help you: Overcome nervousness and discover your own natural style. Set up an immediate connection with your audience.

Practise new techniques daily in conversations with friends. Write a speech that builds to an unforgettable conclusion. Mix together humour and anecdotes into your talk. Use special techniques to memorize your speech.

In the Spotlight: Overcome Your Fear of Public Speaking and Performing

By Janet E. Esposito

Paperback: 176 pages

Publisher: Strong Books

ISBN: 1928782078

In the Spotlight is a gift for people experiencing any degree of fear or discomfort in speaking or performing in front of others, either in formal settings. The book has many different methods to help you get beyond stage fright and learn to speak or perform with ease and confidence.

The Lost Art of the Great Speech: How to Write One and How to Deliver It

By Richard Dowis

Paperback: 288 pages

Publisher: American Management Association

ISBN: 0814470548

Here’s expert guidance on how to write a forceful speech. Attractive slides, confident body language, and a lot of eye contacts are fine. Now everyone can learn to give a powerful, direct speeches that catch an audience’s attention. The key is not just in the delivery, but in using the power of language. It requires interesting ideas, presented in a clear and memorable way.

It’s speech-writing guide made by an award-winning writer. It has everything from researching and writing the speech to preparing the text to delivering the speech to handling questions from the audience.

Lend Me Your Ears: Great Speeches in History

By William Bathe

Paperback: 1,055 pages

Publisher: W.W. Norton & Company

ISBN: 0393040054

This is a collection of more than 100 speeches that seeks to show the enduring power of human eloquence (雄辩) to inspire and uplift (振奋). These speeches are said to have moved millions and changed history. There is an introduction to each speech, and an essay on the art of public speaking.

This collection is edited by a former presidential speechwriter-William Satire. He knows firsthand, the importance of putting together the right words for the right movement.

These speeches prove that, even in the digital age, the most forceful medium of communication is still the human voice speaking directly to the mind, heart, and soul.

1.The purpose of the above books is to _______.

   A. give you encouragement in making a speech

   B. tell you how to make a forceful speech

   C. show you the skills of making a good speech

   D. tell you how to catch an audience’s attention while making a speech

2.If you want to improve your speaking skills by reading some great speeches by famous people, you will read ______.

   A. Lend Me Your Ears: Great Speeches in History

   B. The Lost Art of the Great Speech: How to Write One and How to Deliver It

   C. In the Spotlight: Overcome Your Fear of Public Speaking and Performing

   D. 10 Days to More Confident Public speaking

3.Which of the following people used to write speeches for presidents？

   A. Rechard Dowis.                 B. Janet E. Esposito. 

C. Lenny Laskowski.               D. William Satire.

    Imagine a classroom missing the one thing that’s long been considered a necessary part to reading and writing ------ paper. No notebooks, no textbooks, no test paper. Nor are there any pencils or pens, which always seem to run out of ink at the critical moment.

    A “paperless classroom” is what more and more schools are trying to achieve.

    Students don’t do any handwriting in this class. Instead, they use palm size, or specially-designed computers. The teacher downloads texts from Internet libraries and sends them to every student’s personal computer.

    Having computers also means that students can use the Web. They can look up information on any subject they’re studying from math to social science.

    High school teacher Judy Harrel in Florida, US, described how her class used the Web to learn about the war in Afghanistan (阿富汗) before.

    “We could touch every side of the country through different sites from the forest to refugee camps (难民营)”, she said. “Using a book that’s three or four years old is impossible.”

    And exams can go online too. At a high school in Tennessee, US, students take tests on their own computers. The teacher records the grades on the network for everyone to see and then copies them to his own electronic grade book.

    A paperless classroom is a big step towards reducing the waste of paper. High school teacher Stephanie Sorrell in Kentucky, US, said she used to give about 900 pieces of paper each week to each student.

    “Think about the money and trees we could save with the computer,” she said.

    But, with all this technology, there’s always the risk that the machines will break down. So, in case of a power failure or technical problems, paper textbooks are still widely available for these hi-tech students.

1.What does “run out of ink at the critical moment” in the first paragraph mean?

A. Pens may not write well at the critical moment.

B. Pens get lost easily, so you may not find them at the critical moment.

C. Pens may have little or no ink at the critical moment.

D. Pens use ink, while pencils don’t.

2.The high school teacher, Judy Harrell, used the example of her class to show that ______.

A. the Web could take them everywhere

B. the Web taught them a lot

C. the Web is a good tool for information

D. the Web, better than the textbooks, can give the latest and comprehensive (全面的) information

3.The paperless classrooms will benefit ______ most.

A. students      B. teachers           C. trees     D. computers 

阅读下面短文，从短文后各题的A、B、C、D四个选项中，选出适合填入

对应空白处的最佳选项。并在答题卡上将该选项涂黑。

    David grew up poor. He started   1in the 7^th grade and by high school he was only going to school half days, leaving at 11 am to go to work.

    Lack of money meant lack of   2opportunities, but he had a   3for knowledge. In his   4time he read books on human development, vocabulary builders,   5that he thought would help him succeed   6down the road.

    He was a hard worker and rose above his lack of higher education to produce decently for his family,   7the factory life was taking it toll (造成伤害) on him   8, emotionally, and spiritually. It was, in his mind,   9him like a slow poison.

    In 1995 he bought his first computer and a few months later discovered the Internet. He wanted to be a part of it, and worked 48 or more hours in the   10and worked   1140 or more hours a week teaching   12computer skills. He worked harder than he   13had in his life, logging over 100 hours a week on many, many  14.

    David began applying for jobs in the Internet and computer fields. He was shot down many times, but he never   15. he had a goal and kept after it even when he didn’t feel like it because anything else seemed so   16. That kind of drive and perseverance (坚持不懈) almost always pays off.

    I’m   17to say David left the factory and took a job in the computer field. He beat out college-educated applicants with 4-year degrees with his   18skills.

    This is a true story about   19. It’s a story about believing yourself. It’s a story about finding what you love to do and following your   20.     

1.A. studying       B. working      C. entering         D. playing

2.A. educational    B. personal         C. political            D. occasional

3.A. way            B. hope C. hunger   D. goal

4.A. spare          B. part C. own  D. school

5.A. something      B. everything   C. anything         D. nothing

6.A. somewhere  B. everywhere   C. anywhere     D. nowhere

7.A. and            B. so   C. yet  D. but

8.A. terribly       B. personally   C. heartedly        D. physically

9.A. fighting       B. killing  C. murdering    D. butchering

10.A. factory       B. farm C. school   D. family

11.A. other         B. the other    C. others   D. another

12.A. him   B. himself  C. themselves   D. others

13.A. even  B. ever C. still    D. yet

14.A. positions B. conditions   C. occasions    D. situations

15.A. gave up   B. gave in  C. gave away    D. gave out

16.A. helpful   B. hopeful  C. helpless D. hopeless

17.A. sure  B. certain  C. sorry    D. happy

18.A. self-taught       B. self-assured C. self-controlled  D. self-styled

19.A. failure   B. confidence   C. foundation   D. determination

20.A. ideas     B. ways C. dreams   D. styles

 Three days after Mrs White’s _______ necklace was found, she was _____ it.

   A. lost; robbed                     B. Missed; robbed of

   C. lost; robbed of                   D. missing; robbed          

 He will stop showing off, if no notice _________of him.      

   A. is taken        B. will be taken    C. takes        D. has taken

 – Can we get the computer before Wednesday?

   – _____. If it is 30 kilometers, we can make it, but if farther away, it will be on Thursday.

   A. I don't know for sure             B. Well, that all depends 

   C. It's up to you, sir                D. There's no need to rush

 Li Ming is said ______ the experiment in the lab, but I can’t find him there.

   A. to have done    B. to do         C. to be doing    D. doing