Directions:  For each blank in the following passages there are four words or phrases marked A, B, C and D. Fill in each blank with the word or phrase that best fits the context.

(A)

Being alone in outer space can be frightening. That is one reason why astronauts on solo (单独的) space flights were given plenty of work to keep them  1. They were also constant communication with people on the earth.  2, being with people from whom you cannot get away might be even harder than being alone. This is what happens on long submarine (潜水艇) voyages. It will also happen on  3space flights in the future. Will there be special problem of adjustment under such conditions?

Scientists have studied the reactions of men to one another during long submarine voyages. They have found that the longer the voyage lasts, the more serious the problem of 4is. When men are  5together for a long period, they begin to feel uneasy. Everyone has little habits of speaking and behaving that are ordinarily acceptable. In the limited space over a long period of time, however, these little habits may become very  6.

Apparently, although no one wants to be  7all the time, everyone needs some degree of privacy. When people are enclosed together, they are in what is called a stress situation. That means that they are under an unusual amount of  8or stress.

People who are well-adjusted are able to  9stress situations better than others. That is one reason why so much care is taken in  10our astronauts. These men undergo a long period of testing and training. One of the things tested is their behavior under stress.

11A. tired       B. asleep        C. conscious     D. busy

12A. So far      B. After all     C. However       D. Therefore

13A. long        B. fast          C. dangerous     D. direct

14A. fuel        B. entertainment C. adjustment    D. health

15A. shut up     B. held up       C. brought up    D. picked up

16A. pleasing    B. annoying      C. common        D. valuable

17A. noisy       B. alone         C. personal      D. sociable

18A. emphasis    B. conflict      C. power         D. pressure

19A. handle      B. create        C. affect        D. investigate

20A. becoming    B. choosing      C. ordering      D. promoting

 (B)

One topic is rarely mentioned in all the talk of improving standards in our schools: the almost complete failure of foreign-language teaching. As a French graduate who has taught for more than twenty-five years, I believe I have some idea of why the failure is so total.  1.the faults already found out in the education system as a whole — such as child-centred learning, the “discovery” method, and the low expectations by teachers of pupils — there have been several serious  2.which have a direct effect on language teaching.

The first is the removal from the curriculum (课程) of the thorough teaching of English  3.. Pupils now do not know a verb from a noun, the subject of a sentence from its object, or the difference between the past, present, or future.

Another important error is mixed-ability teaching, or teaching in ability groups so  4.that the most able groups are  5.and are bored while the least able are lost and  6.bored. Strangely enough, few head teachers seem to be in favour of mixed-ability school football teams.

Progress depends on memory, and pupils start to forget immediately they stop having 7.lessons. This is why many people who attended French lessons at school, even those who got good grades, have forgotten it a few years later.  8.they never need it, they do not practice it.

Most American schools have accepted what is inevitable and  9.modern languages, even Spanish, from the curriculum. Perhaps it is time for Britain to do the same, and stop 10.resources on a subject which few pupils want or need.

11.A. Due to     B. In addition to                 C. Instead of    D. In spite of

12.A. errors     B. situations    C. systems       D. methods

13.A. vocabulary B. culture       C. grammar       D. literature

14.A. wide       B. similar       C. separate      D. unique

15.A. kept out   B. turned down   C. held back     D. left behind

16.A. surprisingly                B. individually  C. equally   D. hardly

17.A. extra      B. traditional   C. basic         D. regular

18.A. Although   B. Because       C. Until         D. Unless

19.A. restored   B. absorbed      C. prohibited    D. withdrawn

20.A. wasting    B. focusing      C. exploiting    D. sharing

 John was dismissed last week because of his ______ attitude towards his job.

   A. informal   B. casual        C. determined    D. earnest

 My morning ______ includes jogging in the park and reading newspapers over breakfast.

   A. drill      B. action        C. regulation    D. routine

 Since Tom ______ downloaded a virus into his computer, he can not open the file now.

   A. readily    B. horribly      C. accidentally  D. irregularly

 At minus 130℃, a living cell can be ______ for a thousand years.

   A. spared     B. protected     C. preserved     D. developed

 The traditional view is ______ we sleep because our brain is “programmed” to make us do so.

   A. when       B. why           C. whether       D. that

 ______ he referred to in his article was unknown to the general reader.

   A. That       B. What          C. Whether       D. Where

 Small sailboats can easily turn over in the water ______ they are not managed carefully.

   A. though     B. before        C. until         D. if

 His movie won several awards at the film festival, ______ was beyond his wildest dream.

   A. which      B. that          C. where         D. it

 The Town Hall ______ in the 1800’s was the most distinguished building at that time.

   A. to be completed             B. having been completed

   C. completed                   D. being completed