When you drink a glass of water or take a shower, think of glaciers. Why? Glaciers contain at least 75 percent of Earth’s fresh water－much more than all our planet’s lakes and rivers combined.

Glaciers grow by adding a new layer of snow each year. It’s easy for scientists to see the annual layers in an ice core by lighting it from beneath. They can then count the layers to determine the age of any section…much like you can count tree rings to determine a tree’s age.

Glaciers form by the accumulation, press and recrystallization of snow. It requires very specific conditions of climate and geography, which means that they are found in or high mountain regions where snowfall is heavy in winter, temperatures stay below freezing for long periods, and summers are cool.

“Hot” ice! Is that possible? Actually, ice is one of the hottest solids in existence, for it is unsteady and easy to melt when heated. Glaciers are always moving, but because ice is hot, they like liquids rather than solids. They slide over the ground on melt-water, a very thin layer of water from melted ice, and “creep” when their icy layers glide over one another because of their weight. Different parts of the same glacier slide or creep at different speeds. The center moves more rapidly than the sides; the surface moves more rapidly than the bottom, because the sides and bottom are restricted by friction. Most glaciers move several feet per year, while others “race” a few miles.

Unfortunately, glaciers are shrinking throughout the world. Melting glaciers will raise sea levels, forcing people to move from low-lying areas.

1.What does the underlined word “it” refer to in paragraph3?

A.The change of glaciers. B.The press of glaciers.

C.The accumulation of glaciers. D.The forming of glaciers.

2.Why do we say the ice is “hot”?

A.Because it keeps sliding or creeping. B.Because it is close to its melting point.

C.Because it absorbs too much sunshine. D.Because the surrounding temperature is low.

3.What is happening to glaciers?

A.They are spreading. B.They are disappearing.

C.They are rising. D.They are racing.

4.What is the best title of this passage?

A.The History of Glaciers. B.The Development of Glaciers.

C.The Secrets about Glaciers. D.The Danger Glaciers are facing.

    Ultrasound（超声）is used widely in medical imaging, but in recent years scientists have started developing it for another use: stimulating nerves to treat disease. In two new studies in mice, researchers focused the sound waves on nerves in the spleen（脾）that communicate with the immune system, reducing symptoms. If the approach proves safe and effective in people, it could serve as a treatment for diseases such as arthritis（关节炎）.

In one study, led by scientists at the Feistein Institute and GE Research, mice receiving a few minutes of ultrasound treatment to the spleen nerve had a diminished symptoms to an injected（注射）poison. In another study, researchers at the University of Minnesota and their colleagues reduces symptoms of arthritis in mice by stimulating their spleen nerves for 20 minutes every day for a week. “Zeroing in on the spleen may provide a more precise approach than focusing on the vagus nerve（交感神经）, which connects with the immune system via a second nerve that stimulates the spleen.” says Hubert Lin, lead author of the latter study. “When we’re targeting the spleen we have less of an effect all over the body.”

“Little is known about how repeated ultrasound affects the spleen or whether it has other harmful effects,” says neuroscientist Denise Bellinger of Loma Linda University, who was not involved in either study. An ongoing clinical trial aims to assess the treatment’s safety in humans with arthritis. A bigger unknown is how ultrasound activates in general. Scientists are now exploring the use of ultrasound on other parts of the nervous system, including the brain. “We know how to control nerves with electricity, and we’ve been doing it for more than 100 years,” neuroscientist Kevin Tracey says, “But the idea of controlling nerve signals with ultrasound is a brand-new field.”

1.What do scientists expect of the new application of ultrasound?

A.It'll be applied in medical imaging

B.It'll be used to activate nerves to treat disease.

C.It’ll be applied in spleen transplantation.

D.It'll be employed to rebuild immune system.

2.What does the underlined word “diminished" in paragraph 2 mean?

A.Complicated. B.Worsened.

C.Decreased. D.Associated.

3.What is the concern of Denise Bellinger?

A.Side effect. B.Time length.

C.The procedure. D.The cost.

4.What is most likely the next step of the study?

A.Assessing the treatment' s safety on humans.

B.Activating nerves in general with ultrasound.

C.Exploring the use of ultrasound on the brain.

D.Controlling nerve signals with ultrasound.

    DNA analysis has revealed family relationships between more than 10 generations of Stone Age people at megalithic (巨石的) tombs in Ireland and Sweden.

The evidence suggests that megaliths, prehistoric large stone structures, sometimes acted as graves for family groups in northwestern Europe thousands of years ago. The latest findings throw new light on the origins and social structure of the groups that built megaliths in this region—a history that has long been hidden in mystery.

For their study, the international team of researchers analyzed the genomes—the complete set of genetic material in a cell—of 24 Stone Age individuals from five megalithic burial sites in Ireland, Scotland and Gotland, a large Swedish island in the Baltic Sea.

This analysis showed that many of the individuals buried at each megalith, who all lived between  3,800 B.C. and 2,600 B.C.,  according  to  radiocarbon-dating  of  their  remains,  were closely related via family ties.

The results also showed that the individuals buried at the megaliths were related to Neolithic farmers in northern and western Europe but genetically distinct from other hunter-gatherers. This was particularly noticeable at the Ansarve site on the island of Gotland.

“The people buried in the Ansarve tomb are remarkably different on a genetic level compared to the individuals dug out from hunter-gather contexts, showing that the burial tradition in this megalithic tomb, which lasted for over 700 years, was performed by distinct groups with roots in the European Neolithic expansion,” Magdalena Fraser, co-first author from Uppsala University, said in the statement.

1.What’s the significance of the new findings?

A.It reveals the family ties between people in Ireland and Sweden.

B.It implies that many people buried in the tombs were closely related.

C.It indicates the long-hidden mystery concerning DNA analysis.

D.It suggests that the megaliths became tombs thousands of years ago.

2.How did the researchers reach their findings?

A.By interviewing individuals. B.By travelling to different regions.

C.By analyzing genes. D.By studying the burial sites.

3.Which is true according to the latest findings?

A.Some people buried in the tombs were related to farmers.

B.Few people buried in the tombs were genetically different.

C.All the people buried at megaliths had family relationships.

D.People buried in the Ansarve tomb were dug out 700 years later.

4.What’s the main idea of this passage?

A.Megaliths served as tombs thousands of years ago.

B.People buried at the megaliths were recently analyzed.

C.Latest findings shed light on a mystery about burials.

D.Stone-Age people in Ireland and Sweden had close ties.

Summer Boarding Courses

Summer Boarding Courses(SBC)is an award-winning UK summer school provider for international students aged 11-17. Please join the students from over 100 countries.

SBC Canford Summer School(Ages 11-15)is located at Canford School,Tatler School  Awards Public School of the Year 2019. It is within easy reach of the coastal town of Bournemouth and is one of the most popular UK destinations for English language learning outside of London.

Dates:Monday 6 July-Monday 10 August 2020 nam stt

Teaching Hours:15 Hours Per Week

Courses:General English,English Literature,Introduction to Business

Headington Oxford Summer School(Ages 13-16)is located in the beautiful city of Oxford, just a 30-minute walk from the city centre.It provides students with a wonderful setting in which to study and meet other students from around the world.

Dates:Saturday 4th July-Saturday 18th July 2020

Teaching Hours:20 Hours Per Week

Courses:General English,Summer Study,Global Young Leaders

SBC at Eton College(Ages 11-16),only 34 kilometers from London,provides students with the opportunity to study at one of the world’s most famous schools.Founded in 1440 by King Henry VI,Eton College has educated 20 British Prime Ministers as well as many authors,scientists,actors and explorers.

Dates:Monday 13 July-Monday 24 August 2020

Teaching Hours:15 Hours Per Week

Courses:General English,Mathematics,STEM(Science,Technology,Engineering,Maths)

Oxford College Summer School(Ages 15-17)gives students the chance to experience the very best of what Oxford has to offer.Students live and study in the famous university city of Oxford.For over 800 years it has been home to the leading academic minds in scientific and  cultural studies.

Dates:Monday 6 July-Monday 17 August 2020./

Teaching Hours:15 Hours Per Week

Courses:Business&Leadership,Engineering,Medicine

1.Which school doesn’t provide General English?

A.SBC Canford Summer School.

B.Headington Oxford Summer School.

C.SBC at Eton College.

D.Oxford College Summer School.

2.What makes SBC at Eton College different from the others?

A.It has produced many heads of government.

B.It has educated some leading academic minds.

C.It has invited authors and scientists as educators.

D.It has become a winner of Tatler School Awards.

3.Which age range is Headington Oxford Summer School for?

A.Ages 11-15.

B.Ages 13-16.

C.Ages 11-16.

D.Ages 15-17.

假设你是红星中学高一学生李华，你班交换生Jim计划在暑假期间学习汉语，向你咨询。请你给Jim写封邮件，内容包括：1. 很高兴他打算学习汉语；2. 提供学习建议（如参加课程、阅读书籍、与人交流等）；3. 表达愿望。

Dear Jim,

____________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________

Yours,

Li Hua

翻译句子

1.The news of Scott’s death shocked the world. ________ (Scott没有赢得到达极地的比赛，但是他和队友们展示出的勇气使他们成为英雄).

2.Reeve undertook an intense exercise programme to help him achieve the goal. ________ (他参加了修复肌肉力量的各种运动，并且取得了显著成效).

3.________ (当这位著名作曲家12年来第一次走上舞台，观众立即报以热烈的掌声).

The theatre’s musical director, Michael Umlauf, joined him and together the two men took charge of the orchestra.

4.In China, more and more cities have their own “white bike” programmes. ________ (无论本地人还是游客都愿意使用共享单车，因为这是一种便宜而便利的方式用以节约能源、 减少空气和噪音污染、享受在城市中锻炼的益处).

5.Most people assume that the human brain is set on “automatic”—that means it learns all by itself. But this isn’t always true. ________ (我们要训练自己成为更好的学习者，要积极主动地参与到学习过程中，并且要经常反思所学内容).

阅读下面短文并根据题目要求回答问题。答语要意思清楚，结构正确，书写工整。

You don’t have to spend money or even leave your desk to protect the environment. Here’s how to do your bit.

● Buy nothing

“Stop shopping—start living’’ is the slogan (口号) of the Buy Nothing Day ( BND) movement. Every 24th or 25th November, activists take a 24-hour retail (零售) break and… stop shopping!

BND was founded in 1992 by Canadian artist Ted Dave and it has been a great success ever since. People stop shopping on the day, expressing their concern about the environmental problem. So if you are used to shopping every day, BND gives you a chance to have a break! You might change your habit not just for one day, but for life!

● Stop eating prawns

You’ve probably got prawns ready for a quick and easy meal. But how are they produced? Well, most prawns come from Asia and Latin America, where they are fished or farmed.

Unfortunately, prawn fishing causes harm to marine (海洋的) life because huge nets are pulled along the sea bottom. 10 kilos of dead fish are thrown away for every kilo of prawns caught. Prawn farming is no better—a lot of forests are destroyed to make room for the farms. So think again about the prawns on your plate!

● Save the rainforest

Now only 2 million square miles of rainforests are left, and another 1% is being destroyed every year. The trees are being cut down for their wood, and the remaining rainforests could have been used by 2050. Over half of the world’s plant and animal species are found in rainforests. It is believed that extinctions (灭绝) take place every day due to cutting down trees.

Why not go to www. worldlandtrust. org? Donate the price of a cinema ticket for a piece of rainforest. It will be saved with your simple click of the mouse. If we don’t act，in 30 years from now the rainforests will have been destroyed.

1.What do people do on BND?    (不多于四个单词)

2.Why is prawn farming bad for the environment?    (不多于十个单词)

3.How long will the remaining rainforests be used?    (不多于三个单词)

4.What does the passage mainly talk about?    (不多于八个单词)

The Beauties of the Stone Age

I have just come home after viewing some amazing works of art that were recently discovered in Church Hole Gave in Nottinghamshire. They are not drawings but etchings—shapes cut into the rock—and they describe different kinds of wild animals.

First of all, the number is great: there are 90 in all. Moreover, 58 of them are on the ceiling (天花板). This is quite unusual in cave art, according to Dr. Wilbur Samson of Central Midlands University. “Wall pictures are the usual way,” he says. “The Church Hole etchings are an artistic achievement. It was thought that ice-age hunters in this country were separated from those in central areas of Europe, but the Church Hole etchings proved that they were actually part of a way of living, thinking and seeing the world that had spread right across Europe.”

News of such exciting discoveries spreads quickly, and thanks to the Internet and mobile phones, a great many people have known about this discovery. However, an examination of the etchings last year failed to show the presence of them. The reason lay in the expectations of the researchers. They looked for the usual type of cave drawings, which show up best under direct light. So they used powerful torches (火炬), shining them straight onto the rock face. However, the Church Hole etchings are not drawings on the rocks, like the other cave ones. They are modifications of the rock itself and can’t be easily made out. They show up best when seen from a certain direction in the natural light of early morning.

Dr. Samson feels that the lighting factor provides important information about the function of these works of art. I think the artists knew very well that the etchings would hardly be seen except early in the morning. We can decide that the cave was used for important events like animal worship (祭拜), and that they were conducted just after dawn, as the beginning of the day’s hunting.

To which I can only add that I feel very lucky to have been able to view Church Hole. It is a site of great importance culturally and is part of the traditional values, not only of this country, but the world as a whole.

1.What is the significance of the etchings in Church Hole Cave?

A.They show the existence of an ice-age culture.

B.They describe a more advanced life of Europeans.

C.They prove that ancient people hunted in large areas.

D.They indicate that fewer people settled in central Europe.

2.According to the passage, ________.

A.the methods taken to protect the etchings are useless

B.the etchings are various from the usual cave paintings

C.the discovery of the etchings should not be made public

D.many people visited the cave within hours of its discovery

3.What does the underlined word “modifications” in Paragraph 3 probably mean?

A.Small changes. B.Free gifts. C.Good examples. D.Different areas.

4.What does Dr. Samson state from the lighting factor?

A.The search took place at the wrong place of the cave.

B.The artists never planned to let the etchings seen by others.

C.The torches people used in the examination were too bright.

D.The etchings were intended to be seen at a certain time of day.

Is It a Healthy Interest?

The Guinness Book of World Records describes Ranulph Fiennes as the world’s greatest living explorer. His journeys include the first polar circumnavigation (极地环行) and the first unsupported crossing of the Antarctic continent on foot. So when he suffered a heart attack, it came as something of a surprise.

Exercise is highly beneficial as it reduces both the pulse (脉搏) rate and the blood pressure so reducing stress on the heart as it brings blood round the body. It also helps to keep the artery (动脉) walls more elastic (有弹性的).

But can you push yourself too much? On the subject of exercise, it is good to take several parts of “moderate” exercise a week，which is a little more than quick walking. “We need to be careful when we’re doing extreme sports,” says expert Len Almond. “Extreme stress can make almost impossible demands on the body’s ability to recover. The stress of extreme sports forces biochemical changes in the body, and the physical response to that kind of activity will be too extreme.”

We all know how the Olympics began. The man who ran 26 miles from the town of Marathon to Athens with news of a victory died as soon as he arrived，and the cause of his sudden death might be the heart attack. Further research was done by scientists. They studied cyclists (自行车运动员) on a race that covers 230km with a height change of 5,500m. They were interested in one particular enzyme (酶), high concentrations of which are found in those who have suffered a heart attack. The scientists found that levels of this chemical increased in most of the cyclists who completed the race. The largest increases were seen in the fastest cyclists who had trained the hardest.

Most of us will never put our bodies to such extreme sports. But if, when you hear about someone like Fiennes，you ask whether exercise is worth it. I advise you to consider your own condition. Personally, I agree with the saying: “Run not to add years to your life but to add life to your years.”

1.According to the passage, taking exercise can_______ .

A.speed up the heart rate B.increase stress on the heart

C.reduce the blood pressure D.keep the artery walls straight

2.What does expert Len Almond suggest?

A.Our bodies can easily deal with physical stress.

B.Playing extreme sports is harmful to the human body.

C.We need a long period of recovery after extreme sports.

D.There is more to learn about the effect of physical stress.

3.Why is the research on the cyclists mentioned in Paragraph 4?

A.To suggest a different area of research.

B.To support the activity of taking part in sports.

C.To explain the effect of a height change on cyclists.

D.To prove that extreme sports may cause heart attacks.

4.The author believes that exercise_______.

A.helps you have a regular life B.adds years to your life

C.should be done in moderation D.will be worth the effort

    If you were asked to imagine a scientist, what image would come to your mind? The idea that most of the kids have is a man wearing a white lab coat with messy hair, big glasses, and cups of colorful liquids giving off clouds of smoke. As for adults, the majority regard scientists as strange people who spend a lot of time working in a lonely lab. However, the reality is quite different.

Recently I’ve had a chance to take part in a scientific experience far from my lab and into Costa Rica. It has a large amount of wildlife due to its geographical placement between North and South America. It is home to more than 500,000 species (物种), which represents nearly 4% of the species worldwide!

First we worked to protect wildlife at a leatherback turtle (棱皮龟) protection center. We helped the volunteers to remove rubbish from the beach to create a safe environment for turtle eggs to come out. After that we stayed at Mount Arenal where we studied seismic (地壳的) activity relating to earthquakes. During our stay at Arenal, we rode over the mountainous areas and took a long walk through the rainforest. On the last day we got a professional introduction of rocket (火箭) science and learned about new rocket technology that will be used on the international space station.

During my Costa Rica experience, I know that being a scientist doesn’t mean working in a lab all day and night. A scientist is the one who loves learning and getting a better understanding of the world from helping protect wildlife, learning about earthquakes or inventing rockets. I think that science is so much more than wearing a lab coat and mixing chemicals. Kids need to be aware of the excitement and adventures science can bring!

1.According to Paragraph 1, scientists are often believed ________.

A.to do experiments in messy labs B.to spend too much time in labs

C.to wear clothes in a different way D.to work in dangerous conditions

2.In Costa Rica，the author ________.

A.experienced an earthquake B.took part in rocket experiments

C.picked up rubbish on the beach D.helped the volunteers collect turtle eggs

3.What does the author learn about science from his experience?

A.Science is full of boring experiments.

B.Science is related to chemical liquids.

C.Science is more than working in a lab.

D.Science is about wildlife and earthquakes.

4.What is the best tide for the passage?

A.What a Scientist Is Like B.Where a Scientist Works

C.How I Traveled in Costa Rica D.Why I Chose to Study Science