| 1. 难度：中等 | |
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Secret codes (密码) keep messages private. Banks, companies, and government agencies use secret codes in doing business, especially when information is sent by computer. People have used secret codes for thousands of years. 1.Code breaking never lags (落后) far behind code making. The science of creating and reading coded messages is called cryptography. There are three main types of cryptography. 2.For example, the first letters of “My elephant eats too many eels” spell out the hidden message “Meet me.” 3.You might represent each letter with a number, for example. Let’s number the letters of the alphabet, in order, from 1 to 26. If we substitute a number for each letter, the message “Meet me” would read “13 5 5 20 13 5.” A code uses symbols to replace words, phrases, or sentences. To read the message of a real code, you must have a code book. 4.For example, “bridge” might stand for “meet” and “out” might stand for “me.” The message “Bridge out” would actually mean “Meet me.” 5.However, it is also hard to keep a code book secret for long. So codes must be changed frequently. A. It is very hard to break a code without the code book. B. In any language, some letters are used more than others. C. Only people who know the keyword can read the message. D. As long as there have been codes, people have tried to break them. E. You can hide a message by having the first letters of each word spell it out. F. With a code book, you might write down words that would stand for other words. G. Another way to hide a message is to use symbols to stand for specific letters of the alphabet.
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| 2. 难度：中等 | ||||||||
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根据短文内容，从短文后的选项中选出能填入空白处的最佳选项。选项中有两项为多余选项。Everyone knows that fish is good for health.1.But it seems that many people don’t cook fish at home. Americans eat only about fifteen pounds of fish per person per year, but we eat twice as much fish in restaurants as at home. Buying, storing, and cooking fish isn’t difficult.2.This text is about how to buy and cook fish in an easy way.3.Fresh fish should smell sweet: you should feel that you’re standing at the ocean’s edge. Any fishy or strong smell means the fish isn’t fresh.4.When you have bought a fish and arrive home, you’d better store the fish in the refrigerator if you don’t cook it immediately, but fresh fish should be stored in your fridge for only a day or two. Frozen fish isn’t as tasty as the fresh one.There are many common methods used to cook fish.5.First, lean it and season it with your choice of spices(调料). Put the whole fish on a plate and steam it in a steam pot for 8 to 10 minutes if it weighs about one pound. (A larger one will take more time.) Then, it’s ready to serve.
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| 3. 难度：中等 | |
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The Science of Risk-Seeking Sometimes we decide that a little unnecessary danger is worth it because when we weigh the risk and the reward, the risk seems worth taking. 1. Some of us enjoy activities that would surprise and scare the rest of us. Why? Experts say it may have to do with how our brains work? The reason why any of us take any risks al all might have to do with early humans. Risk-takers were better at hunting, fighting, or exploring. 2. As the quality of risk-taking was passed from one generation to the next, humans ended up with a sense of adventure and a tolerance for risk. So why aren’t we all jumping out of airplanes then? Well, even 200,000 years ago, too much risk-taking could get one killed. A few daring survived, though, along with a few stay-in-the-cave types. As a result, humans developed a range of character types that still exists today. So maybe you love car racing, or maybe you hate it. 3. No matter where you are on the risk-seeking range, scientists say that your willingness to take risks increases during your teenage years. 4. To help you do that, your brain increases your hunger for new experiences. New experiences often mean taking some risks, so your brain raises your tolerance for risk as well. 5. For the risk-seekers a part of the brain related to pleasure becomes active, while for the rest of us, a part of the brain related to fear becomes active. As experts continue to study the science of risk-seeking, we’ll continue to hit the mountains, the waves or the shallow end of the pool. A. It all depends on your character. B. Those are the risks you should jump to take. C. Being better at those things meant a greater chance of survival. D. Thus, these well-equipped people survived because they were the fittest. E. This is when you start to move away from your family and into the bigger world. F. However, we are not all using the same reference standard to weigh risks and rewards. G. New brain research suggests our brains work differently when we face a nervous situation.
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| 4. 难度：中等 | |
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Both men and women are living longer these days in industrialized countries. 1. In general, they can expect to live six or seven years more than men. One reason for this is biological. One important biological factor that helps women live longer is the difference in hormones between men and women. 2. Between the ages of about 12 and 50, women produce hormones that are involved in fertility(生育能力). These hormones also have a positive effect on the heart and blood flow. In fact, women are less likely to have high blood pressure or to die from heart attacks. 3.They help the body defend itself against some kinds of infections. This means that women generally ger sick less often and less seriously than men. The common cold is a good example: women, on average, get fewer colds than men.4.Scientists are still not exactly sure how influence aging, but they believe that they do. Some think that a woman’s body cells have a tendency(向) to age more slowly than a man’s. Others think that a man’s body cells have a tendency to age more quickly.5. A．However, women, on average, live longer. B .The biological factor plays an important part. C. Women are also helped by their female genes. D. The female hormones also protect the body in another way. E. Recent research seems to support both of these possibilities. F. Therefore, women are more healthy than men and can live a better life. G. Hormones are chemicals which are produced by the body to control carious body functions.
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| 5. 难度：中等 | |
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Building Trust in a Relationship Again Trust is a learned behavior that we gain from past experiences. 1. Trust is a risk. But you can’t be successful when there’s a lack of trust in a relationship that results from an action where the wrongdoer takes no responsibility to fix the mistake. Unfortunately, we’ve all been victims of betrayal. Whether we’ve been stolen from, lied to, misled, or cheated on, there are different levels of losing trust. Sometimes people simply can’t trust anymore. 2. It’s understandable, but if you’re willing to build trust in a relationship again, we have some steps you can take to get you there. ●3. Having confidence in yourself will help you make better choices because you can see what the best outcome would be for your wellbeing. ●4. If you’ve been betrayed, you are the victim of your circumstance. But there’s a difference between being a victim and living with a “victim mentality”. At some point in all of our lives, we’ll have our trust tested or violated. ●You didn’t lose “everything”. Once trust is lost, what is left? Instead of looking at the situation from this hopeless angle, look at everything you still have and be thankful for all of the good in your life. 5. Instead, it’s a healthy way to work through the experience to allow room for positive growth and forgiveness. A. Learn to really trust yourself. B. It is putting confidence in someone. C. Stop regarding yourself as the victim. D. Remember that you can expect the best in return. E. They’ve been too badly hurt and they can’t bear to let it happen again. F. This knowledge carries over in their attitude toward their future relationships. G. Seeing the positive side of things doesn’t mean you’re ignoring what happened.
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| 6. 难度：中等 | |
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Training for a marathon (马拉松) requires careful preparation and steady, gradual increases in the length of the runs. 1., buy the best-fitting running shoes you can find. No one can say which brand will work best for you or feel best on your feet, so you have to rely on your experience and on the feel of each pair as you shop. When you have found shoes that seem right, walk in them for a few days to double-check the fit. 2.. As always, you should stretch (伸展) at least ten minutes before each run to prevent injuries. During the first week, do not think about distance, but run five minutes longer each day. 3., it is wise to take a day off to rest. But during the next week, set a goal of at least a mile and a half per run. 4.. After two weeks, start timing yourself. 5.. Depending on the kind of race you plan to enter, you can set up a timetable for the remaining weeks before the race. A. After six days B. For a good marathon runner C. Before you begin your training D. With each day, increase the distance by a half mile E. If they still feel good, you can begin running in them F. Time spent for preparation raises the quality of training G. Now you are ready to figure out a goal of improving distance and time
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| 7. 难度：中等 | ||||||||
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This Way to Dreamland Daydreaming means people think about something pleasant, especially when this makes them forget what they should be doing． Daydreamers have a bad reputation for being unaware of what’s happening around them． They can seem forgetful and clumsy．1.They annoy us because they seem to be ignoring us and missing the important things．But daydreamers are also responsible for some of the greatest ideas and achievements in human history．2.Can you imagine what kind of world we would have without such ideas and inventions?So how can you come up with brilliant daydreams and avoid falling over tree roots or otherwise looking like a fool?First, understand that some opportunities(机会) for daydreaming are better than others． Feeling safe and relaxed will help you to slip into daydreams．3.And if you want to improve your chances of having a creative idea while you’re daydreaming, try to do it while you are involved in another task—preferably something simple, like taking a shower or walking, or even making meaningless drawings．It’s also important to know how to avoid daydreams for those times when you really need to concerntrate． “Mindfulness”, being focused, is a tool that some people use to avoid falling asleep．4.Finally, you never know what wonderful idea might strike while your mind has moved slowly away．5.Always remember that your best ideas might come when your head is actually in the clouds．
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| 8. 难度：中等 | |
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The jobs of the future have not yet been invented. 1. By helping them develop classic skills that will serve them well no matter what the future holds. 1. Curiosity Your children need to be deeply curious. 2. Ask kids, “What ingredients (配料) can we add to make these pancakes even better next time?” and then try them out. Did those ingredients make the pancakes better? What could we try next time? 2. Creativity True creativity is the ability to take something existing and create something new from it. 3. There are a dozen different things you can do with them. Experimenting with materials to create something new can go a long way in helping them develop their creativity. 3. Interpersonal Skills Understanding how others feel can be a challenge for kids. We know what’s going on inside our own head, but what about others? Being able to read people helps kids from misreading a situation and jumping to false conclusions. 4. “Why do you think she’s crying?” “Can you tell how that man is feeling by looking at his face? If someone were to do that to you, how would you feel?” 4. Self-expression 5. There are many ways to express thoughts and ideas — music, acting, drawing, building, photography. You may find that your child is attracted by one more than another. A. Encourage kids to cook with you. B. And we can’t forget science education. C. We can give kids chances to think about materials in new ways. D. So how can we help our kids prepare for jobs that don’t yet exist? E. Gardening is another great activity for helping kids develop this skill. F. We can do this in real life or ask questions about characters in stories. G. Being able to communicate ideas in a meaningful way is a valuable skill.
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| 9. 难度：中等 | |
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Evaluating Sources of health Information Making good choices about your own health requires reasonable evaluation. A key first step in bettering your evaluation ability is to look carefully at your sources of healthy information. Reasonable evaluation includes knowing where and how to fins relevant information, how to separate fact from opinions, how to recognize poor reasoning, and how to analyze information and the reliability of sources. 1. Go to the original source. Media reports often simplify the results of medical research. Find out for yourself what a study really reported, and determine whether it was based on good science. Think about the type of study. 2. Watch for misleading language. Some studies will find that a behaviour ＂contributes to＂ or is ＂associated with＂ an outcome; this does not mean that a certain course must lead to a certain result. 3. Carefully read or listen to information in order to fully understand it. Use your common sense. If a report seems too good to be true, probably it is. Be especially careful of information contained in advertisements. 4. Evaluate ＂scientific＂ statements carefully, and be aware of quackery (江湖骗术). 5. Friends and family members can be a great source of ideas and inspiration, but each of us needs to find a healthy lifestyle that works for us. Developing the ability to evaluate reasonably and independently about the health problems will serve you well throughout your life. A. Make choices that are right for you. B. The goal of an ad is to sell you something. C. Be sure to work through the critical questions. D. And examine the findings of the original research. E. Distinguish between research reports and public health advice. F. Be aware that information may also be incorrectly explained by an author’s point of view. G. The following suggestions can help you sort through the health information you receive from common sources.
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| 10. 难度：中等 | |
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Eyesight plays a very important role in our daily life. Every waking moment, the eyes are working to see the world around us. Over forty percent of Americans worry about losing eyesight, but it's easy to include steps into our daily life to ensure healthy eyes. 1.: ● Schedule yearly exams. Eye care should begin early in life. Experts advise parents to bring babies 6 to 12 months of age to the doctor for a careful check. The good news is that millions of children now can have yearly eye exams and following treatment, including eyeglasses. ● Protect against UV rays (紫外线). Long-term stay in the sun creates risk to your eyes. No matter what the season is, it's extremely important to wear sunglasses. 2.. ● Give your eyes a break. Two-thirds of Americans spend up to seven hours a day using computers or other digital products. 3.. Experts recommend that people practice the 20/20/20 rule: every 20 minutes, take a 20-second break and look at something 20 feet away. ●4.. As part of a healthy diet, eat more fruits and vegetables each day. Vitamins (维生素) C and E help protect eyesight and promote eye health. ● Practice safe wear and care of contact lenses (隐形眼镜). Many Americans use contact lenses to improve their eyesight. While some follow the medical guidance for wearing contact lenses, many are breaking the rules and putting their eyesight at risk. 5.. Otherwise, you may have problems such as red eyes, pain in the eyes, or a more serious condition. A.Eat your greens. B.Here are five suggestions for a lifetime of healthy eyesight. C.They can properly protect your eyes. D.Stay in good shape by taking more vitamins. E.Parents usually don’t care about their own eyesight. F.Always follow the doctor’s advice for appropriate wear. G.This frequent eye activity increases the risk for eye tiredness.
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