(2011上海,19,10分)计算:.
(2011山东枣庄,16,4分)对于任意不相等的两个实数a、b,定义运算※如下:a※b=,如3※2=.那么8※12= .
(2011广东中山,8,4分)计算
(2011江苏南京,9,2分)计算=_______________.
(2011山东威海,13,3分)计算的结果是 .
(2011山东德州12,4分)当时,=_____________.