A.How do you study for a test?
B.I’m afraid of the dark.
C.I can choose my clothes.
曾子曰：“吾日三省吾身。”自省（self-reflection）有助于解决自身的问题，也是自我完善和自我超越的必经之路。
某英文网站正在开展以“自省”为主题的征文活动。假如你是李华，请用英语写一篇短文投稿，谈谈为了提升自身的品德修养或学业素养，你平时是如何进行自我反省的，以及这样做给你带来的好处。
提示词语： think, improve, record, behavior, question, emotion
提示问题：● What do you do to be self-reflective?
● What benefits have you gained from doing so?
Self-reflection plays an important role in our life.__________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________
假如你是李华,在交换生 Peter 的帮助下,你们社团成功地举办了学校的英语才艺展示活动(English Show)。请你用英语给他写一封感谢信,简述感谢他的原因以及你从他身上学到了什么。
提示词语：activity, design, advice, creative, helpful, patience
提示问题：● What did Peter do to help?
● What have you learned from him?
Dear Peter,
I’m writing to thank you for your great help.
_________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________
Thank you again for everything you have done for us.
Yours,
Li Hua
If you live in Europe or the Americas, you likely pick up a fork every day and give no thought to it. Using it probably seems as natural as breathing. Yet compared with the knife and the spoon, which appeared very early, the fork is a latecomer to the table.
Researches show that the fork was first used in Ancient Egypt, China and Greece. Since the 4th century BC, the fork managed to become common on the tables of upper society in Eastern Europe and by the 9th century, it travelled to the Middle East and started being used by the upper class under the name “barjyn”. This enabled the fork to slowly become popular in these areas.
In the 11th century, the fork came to Italy in the dowry of a princess (王妃的嫁妆) from the Middle East who married an Italian official. After seeing the princess use the fork, the church strongly criticized her, saying that the fork disrespected the practice of using the fingers. Then the fork disappeared from the table for nearly 300 years. It began to get acceptance in Italy by the late 16th century, because the upper-class Italians expressed renewed interest in cleanliness. However, most European countries accepted the fork only by the 18th century and United States didn’t welcome it until the early 19th century.
During its life, the fork has changed in terms of appearance. In its early use, the fork had only two tines (齿). As the centuries went on, its design slowly started taking on a modern look. The fork that we know today, which has four tines, was introduced in the 18th century in Germany. By the early 20th century, the invention of stainless steel(不锈钢)enabled the fork to be made more easily. Since then, the fork hasn’t changed much in design.
1.Which is a latecomer to the table, the knife, the spoon or the fork?
2.In what countries was the fork first used?
3.When did most European countries accept the fork?
4.What enabled the fork to be made more easily?
5.What’s the passage mainly about?
Everybody hates that feeling when you spend three weeks reading a book, and a month later somebody asks you about it and you can’t remember a thing you read. It makes you wonder why you wasted a couple of hours on the words that didn’t stick.
There are some effective ways to learn. And when I say “to learn effectively”, what I mean is to not just build up knowledge, but to be able to apply(应用)that knowledge effectively at some point in the future. By this definition, most of the courses people spend money on is not learning. Something is not truly learned until it changes you in some way.
1. Memory is based on relevance (相关性)
One of my favorite online book clubs is Mentor Box. What’s cool about the club is not only do they send you books to read, but they send you study materials related to them. The study materials, instead of being like school, where it asks you to repeat information in the book to help memorize it, are designed to help you apply the lessons to various areas of your life.
That’s because memory works based on relevance. We only remember what our brain has considered important to our own lives. If you don’t find a way to make it relevant to you and your well-being in some way, your brain will conveniently forget it.
You can do this on your own. When you come across something interesting in a book, write down its application or relevance to something in your life—how you can use the idea, how it explains something in your past, how it can help with your problems, etc.
2. Reading does not have to be linear
People believe they have to read everything, line by line, one after another. This is not only not true, but it’s often a waste of time and energy.
When you buy a book, you’re not buying the words, you’re buying the useful ideas. The point of a book is to gather the information that is relevant and important to you, not to finish it or to understand every word. What matters is the principle or key idea. Once you’ve received that principle or idea, there’s no reason to feel obligated to sit there and read the rest.
3.Think critically and ask the right questions
Everything you read should be questioned. You should question the writer’s biases(偏见 ), whether they’re explaining information correctly, whether they’re overlooking something. When reading something I agree with, I’ll ask myself, “Is it possible that this could be wrong?” Everything should be taken with a grain of salt, for the simple reason that almost everything is largely uncertain. And it’s the ability to manage those uncertainties effectively that will determine the depth of your knowledge and understanding, not the ability to memorize a lot of facts and numbers.
1.According to the writer, effective learning________.
A.is a practical method to have good feelings
B.helps you explain and remember difficult words
C.happens when knowledge changes you in some way
D.is the main goal of the courses people spend money on
2.What does the writer suggest when we learn something new?
A.Read line by line to receive useful ideas.
B.Repeat and rethink information to deepen our memory.
C.Build connections between books and our personal life.
D.Keep asking questions to understand the writer’s opinions.
3.The underlined word “obligated” probably means “________”.
A.worried B.forced C.relaxed D.interested
4.Which of the following would be the best title for the passage?
A.How to Become A Better Learner
B.How to Memorize Things Effectively
C.Ways of Building Relevance in Your Life
D.The importance of Asking the Right Questions
Bacterial Quorum Sensing
Bacteria(细菌)play an important role in our lives. They can keep us alive as well as make us sick. It wasn’t until fairly recently that we learned bacteria can communicate with one another.
In the 1960s, researchers found that a kind of bacteria called Vibrio fischeri（费氏弧菌） produced no light when they were alone, but that they exhibited great amount of light as the bacterial population grew to a certain number. How did this happen? How can Vibrio fischeri tell the difference between times when they’re alone and times when they’re in a community, and then all do something together?
Researchers found they talk to each other with a chemical language—signal molecules(信号分子). Vibrio fischeri makes signal molecules, and it also has a receptor on its surface that fits like a lock and key with a signal molecule. As the bacteria increase, more and more signal molecules are sent into the environment. When signal molecules increase to a certain amount, they lock down into those receptors and information comes into the bacteria, which tells them how many neighbors there are. As soon as they realize the population has hit the certain number, all of the bacteria behave as a group, making light together. In the past ten years, researchers have found all bacteria have systems like this: they make and recognize chemical words, determine(判断)the size of the community, and carry out tasks that would be unsuccessful if a single one were to act alone. This process is called quorum sensing.
Most of the time, bacteria live with thousands of other species (种类)of bacteria. There has to be a language of interspecies communication. In fact, bacteria have another kind of signal molecule, which is the common language used by all species. Moreover, this kind of molecule has its own receptor. In this way, bacteria are able to count different populations, and then they decide what task to carry out depending on which species has the greatest population.
Knowing how bacteria communicate could influence how we fight disease. What if bacteria can’t talk or hear? They won’t recognize when there are enough bacteria and when to exhibit the group behavior to make us sick. Researchers are developing a method—to make molecules that look like the real ones and then they lock into the receptors to jam recognition of the real situation.
On the other hand, researchers also improve the conversation of the beneficial bacteria, so they can do things that we want them to do better than they would do on their own.
1.According to the passage, what can we learn about quorum sensing?
A.Quorum sensing may happen when there is only one Vibrio fischeri.
B.Signal molecules are kept away from receptors during quorum sensing.
C.Most bacteria have similar systems to make light during quorum sensing.
D.Bacteria carry out a group task when their population hit a certain number.
2.What can we learn from the passage?
A.The more species there are, the more group actions bacteria will take.
B.In different environments, bacteria have different interspecies languages.
C.Beneficial bacteria communicate better by themselves than harmful ones.
D.To fight disease, researchers try to turn off the communication between harmful bacteria.
3.The passage is mainly about ________.
A.why bacterial population grows B.how bacteria communicate with each other
C.which bacteria help fight disease D.what scientists do to find quorum sensing
