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Many of us have had this experience: we lie down in a bed other than our own, perhaps at a friend’s house or in a hotel room, and find it difficult to fall asleep.
Why does it happen?
A new study shows one reason is what the scientists call “first night effect”. They believe that one side of the brain acts as a “night watch” to warn us about possible dangers. It prevents us from getting to sleep on the first night in a new environment.
For the study, 35 young volunteers were asked to sleep in a sleep lab for several days as researchers watched their brain activities.
According to the researchers, on their first night, the left brain was more active than the right brain and people had a hard time sleeping. However, the left brain activity decreased(降低) as days went by, falling even to the point of complete calm. In this process, the volunteers got better and better sleep experience.
The findings show that the different rhythms(节奏) of the sides of the brain affect our sleep. When the two sides work differently, the balance between them is broken. So the brain can’t relax and is sensitive(敏感的) to anything strange around.
“At some level, the brain is continuing to work, even though you don’t realize it,” US professor Jerome Siegel told Smithsonian Magazine. “If something unusual happens, you can be alert(警惕的)”.
More surprisingly, this is like the way some animals sleep. Whales, dolphins, and many birds can sleep with half of their brain while the other half stays awake, with one eye staying open.
The researchers think that it is the result of evolution(进化) and works to protect us in possibly dangerous environments.
If you have ever had first night effect, researchers advise you to bring your own pillow or sleep in a room similar to your bedroom next time you sleep away from home.
First night effect | |
People’s possible experience | Many people have 1. getting to sleep on the first night in a new environment. |
The findings of the study | ♦First night effect forces us to stay awake as one side of the brain is alert to possible dangers. ♦As days go by, people’s sleep experience 2. as the left-brain activity falls. |
The explanations to the findings | ♦On the first night in a new environment, people’s left brain is more active than the right brain and that 3. the balance between them. ♦Our brains continue to work without being realized at night so that we can be sensitive to anything unusual. ♦Some other animals sleep in the similar way, which is thought to be 4. by evolution. |
5. from researchers | Bring your own pillow or sleep in a bedroom that looks like yours. |
“If you don't behave, I'll call the police” is a lie that parents might use to get their young children to behave. A new psychological(心理学的) study led by Nanyang Technological University, Singapore suggests that it is connected with harmful effects when the children become adults.
The research team asked 379 Singaporean young adults whether their parents lied to them when they were children, how much they lie to their parents as adults, and how well they respond(响应) adulthood challenges.
The first questionnaire asked these young adults to recall if their parents told them lies about eating, leaving or staying, spending money and so on. Some examples of such lies are “If you don't come with me now, I will leave you here by yourself” and “I don’t bring money with me today, we can come back another day”. The second questionnaire included questions that could show how often they lie to their parents as adults. Lastly, these young adults filled in two other questionnaires that asked them about their psychosocial problems and tendency (趋势) to behave selfishly and impulsively(冲动地).
Adults who reported being lied to more as children were more likely to report lying to their parents in their adulthood. They also said they faced greater difficulty in meeting psychological and social challenges.
Lead author Setoh Peipei from NTU Singapore's School of Social Sciences said, “Parenting by lying
can seem to save time, especially when the real reasons behind why parents want children to do something are difficult to explain. When parents tell children that ‘honesty is the best policy’, but display dishonesty by lying, such behavior can send negative (消极的) messages to their children. Parents' dishonesty may finally erode trust and encourage dishonesty in children.”
“Our research suggests that parenting by lying is a practice that has negative influence on children when they grow up. Parents should be aware of these possible risks and consider other ways to replace lying, such as knowing children's feelings, giving information so children know what to expect, offering choices and solving problems together, to encourage children to have good behavior, ”said lead author Setoh Peipe.
But the study has its limitations. Some limitations of the study include depending on what young adults report about their parents' lying. “Future research can explore using many informants(提供信息的人), such as parents, to report on the same thing.” suggested Setoh.
1.What did the research team do during the study?
A.They turned to 379 Singaporean children.
B.They looked for questionnaires on the Internet.
C.They collected answers to some sets of questions.
D.They asked the young adults parents for information.
2.What does the underlined word “erode” in Paragraph 5 mean?
A.建立 B.增进 C.毁坏 D.恢复
3.Which of the following might Setoh Peipei agree with?
A.Parents can sometimes tell harmless lies to their kids.
B.Parents had better explain to their kids why they’ve lied.
C.Parents who like lying are more likely to behave selfishly.
D.Parents should use positive ways instead of lying during parenting.
4.What is the main idea of the text?
A.Parents' lying to children can influence them negatively.
B.Parents lie to children to save themselves some trouble.
C.Children's behavior can be affected by their parents.
D.Children may lie more if their parents often lie.
The 2020 Summer Olympics in Tokyo has been put off because of the COVID-19. To welcome the great event, Japan has made 5, 000 medals for the winners. But these Olympic medals are very special. They are all made out of recycled electronic devices(电子设备).
One goal of the Tokyo Olympics is to avoid using too many natural resources, so that the games are environmentally friendly. As part of this goal, the organizers decided to make all of the Olympic medals out of metals recycled from old electronic devices.
You might not know it, but almost all the electronic devices are made with small quantities of precious metals (贵金属), like gold and silver. But collecting enough of these metals to make 5, 000 medals was a huge challenge. That's because the quantity of metals in each device is tiny. It would take about 20,000 cell phones to get just 1 kilogram of gold.
Beginning in April 2017, organizers placed collection boxes around the country, and asked people to turn in their old electronic devices for the Olympic medals. Soon people began to fill up the boxes, turning in smartphones, digital cameras, and laptops. At first, the collection work went slowly, but soon more and more areas began to turn in electronic devices, And 1,621 local governments also helped with the collection work. The Japanese mobile phone company NTT Docomo collected 6.21 million used cell phones. In all, around 71,667, 600 kilograms of electronic devices were collected.
Then came the job of breaking those phones down into smaller pieces. This is a tricky(棘手) job. It is also likely to cause danger, because some of the metals and other things that go into electronic devices aren’t safe for people to touch or breathe. That's why it's not a good idea to try something like this at home. Once the devices were broken down, the metals had to be carefully separated out.
On July 24, 2019, the design for the awards was announced. And by the end of March this year, the organizers had reached their goal.
1.Why does the author say the Tokyo Olympic medals are special?
A.They can be recycled into other products. B.They are small in size and large in number.
C.They are made out of old electronic devices. D.They are green and seem environmentally friendly.
2.What is the main purpose of Paragraph 4?
A.To show the difficulty of the collection work.
B.To thank those who helped with the collection work.
C.To stress the importance of many people working together.
D.To give information on how the collection work was done.
3.What does the author think of the break-down work?
A.Dirty and tiring. B.Hard and dangerous.
C.Boring but rewarding. D.Interesting but challenging.
In the 2lst century people often join a“group chat”on Wechat, share videos on Douyin and give opinions on Facebook. We live in a world that has accepted the social media(媒体)wholeheartedly. Being the international common language, English has lent itself willingly to be used on social media, experiencing many small but important changes during the process.What are the effects of the social media on the English language?
♦ Old words but new meanings
When someone wants to post something on his“wall”, why do we think of the homepage of his Facebook, and not the walls in his house? This is the magic of social media. We know“friend”is a noun, but now it's also used as a verb. “friended”and“unfriended”mean the process of adding or deleting someone from your list of friends.
♦__________________________
Social media has invented new words like“selfie”or“emoji”to describe the new things. The most famous of these words perhaps is “google”which is used more than the old-fashioned simple word“search”.Generally speaking, a new word should be in use for at least 10 years before being entered in the Oxford English Dictionary. However, the dictionary officially included the word“tweet”.
♦Introducing acronyms(缩略词)
LOL (Laugh Out Loud). OMG (Oh My God) and BRB(Be Right Back)are examples of acronyms, the same as IDK(I Don’t Know)and TTYL(Talk To You Later). We need them to be short in length on social media, so we use acronyms to take the place of these phrases.
Social media is without doubt here to stay. In the future, it's likely to develop to a greater degree and take the English language along with it on the road of development.
1.What does the first paragraph mainly tell us?
A.Social media can be easily found in our daily life
B.It's exciting for everyone to live in the 21st century
C.Social media has a big influence on the English language
D.It's necessary for teenagers to make full use of social media
2.Which of the following can be put in_________________?
A.Creating short phrases B.Introducing new words
C.Showing simple expressions D.Keeping old but necessary words
3.What can we infer from the passage?
A.TBH can be the acronym of To Be Honest.
B.English is becoming more and more important.
C.It's a long way for social media to become perfect
D.Wechat, Douyin and Facebook are popular in China
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1.Mcafee Total Protection is the name of______________________.
A.a useful app B.a piece of software(软件)
C.a computer company D.a team of computer engineers
2.Mcafee Total Protection can________________.
① protect users from dangerous websites;②show users how to visit the websites;
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A.①④ B.①② C.②③ D.②④
3.According to the passage, which plan is the best for Mr Brown?
Mr Brown has a computer, an iphone 11
Mrs Brown has an iphone 11Pro and an ipad mint
Their son has an ipad Air and an iphone plus
Mr Brown wants something to protect all the devices at the same time.
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Museums, live music and malls are nice. But there are many young people who have_______time to enjoy these things. They follow the“996 ”work schedule(时间表)—starting work at9 am and finishing at9pm,six days a week.
The“996”work schedule became a heated topic online after a computer programmer_________a website called“996. ICU”.According to the website, working to a“996”schedule is_______and could cause people to end up in an ICU(重症监护室). This work schedule is_______at Chinese tech companies like Baidu, Alibaba and Tencent._______ most“996”workers do not get overtime pay.
Many tech industry workers_______this schedule.“I kept to” for nine months,Zhang, a former software worker, said. “I couldn’t sleep because of the pressure. So, I_______ .”
However, the bosses of some tech companies defended((为…辩护)“996”. Jack Ma was_______them. “If you don't work to‘996’as you are young,_______?”Ma said.“If you don’t put in more time and energy than others, how will you achieve the success you want?”
Many__________Ma's thinking. In an article in People's Daily, one writer said, “Valuing hard work does not justify(使……合理化)__________workers to work overtime.”
A lawyer named Cui Zhendong said it is____________the law to use a“996”work schedule.China’s Labour Law clearly states (声明)that workers should work no more than 8 hours a day or 44 hours a week.
1.A.much B.some C.enough D.little
2.A.set up B.set out C.set off D.set down
3.A.unimportant B.unknown C.unhealthy D.uncertain
4.A.rare B.strange C.necessary D.common
5.A.After all B.What's worse C.For example D.That's to say
6.A.accept B.enjoy C.dislike D.manage
7.A.gave away B.gave up C.gave out D.gave off
8.A.among B.between C.without D.below
9.A.how B.when C.why D.where
10.A.doubted B.wondered C.believed D.supported
11.A.paying B.inviting C.attracting D.forcing
12.A.for B.beyond C.against D.along
