Question

    Humans are social animals. They live in groups all over the world. As these groups of people live apart from other groups, over the years and centuries they develop their own habits and ideas, which form different cultures. One important particular side of every culture is how its people deal with time.

Time is not very important in non industrial societies. The Nuer people of East Africa, for example, do not even have a word TIME that is in agreement with the abstract thing we call time. The daily lives of the people of such non industrial societies are likely to be patterned around their physical needs and natural events rather than around a time schedule (时间表) based on the clock. They cook and eat when they are hungry and sleep when the sun goes down. They plant crops during the growing seasons and harvest them when the crops are ripe. They measure time not by a clock or calendar(日历), but by saying that an event takes place before or after some other event. Frequently such a society measures day in terms of “sleeps” or longer periods in terms of “moons”. Some cultures, such as the Eakinos of Greenland measure seasons according to the migration of certain animals.

Some cultures which do not have a written language or keep written records have developed interesting ways of “telling time”. For example, when several Australian aborigines want to plan an event for a future time, one of them places a stone on a cliff or in a tree. Each day the angle of the sun changes slightly. In a few days, the rays of the sun strike the stone in a certain way. When this happens, the people see that the agreed - upon time has arrived and the event can take place.

In contrast (成对比), exactly correct measurement of time is very important in modern, in detribalized societies. This is because industrialized societies require the helpful efforts of many people in order to work. For a factory to work efficiently (well, quickly and without waste), for example , all of the workers must work at the same time, Therefore, they must know what time to start work in the morning and what time they may go home in the afternoon. Passengers must know the exact time that an airplane will arrive or depart. Students and teachers need to know when a class starts and ends. Stores must open on time in order to serve their customers. Complicated (复杂的) societies need clocks and calendars. Thus, we can see that if each person worked according to his or her own schedule, a complicated society could hardly work at all.

1.By saying “Humans are social animals”, the author means ________.

A.they live all over the world.

B.they are different from other animals

C.they live in one area as a whole

D.they are divided into many groups

2.Time is not very important in non industrial societies. This is because people in those societies ________.

A.don’t have the word TIME in their languages

B.don’t get used to using clocks and other timepieces

C.don’t measure time in their daily lives

D.don’t need to plan their daily lives around an exact time schedule

3.The Australian aborigines’ way of “telling time” is based on ________.

A.the change of the sun rays

B.the movement of the earth in relation to the sun

C.the position of the stone

D.the position of the tree or the cliff

4.Which of the following night be the best title for this passage?

A.Time and Culture

B.The Measurement of Time

C.Time schedule and Daily Life

D.Clock, Calendar and Society

Answer

1.C

2.D

3.A

4.A

【解析】

人类是群居动物，经过很长时间，形成了不同的文化。非工业社会人民很可能是围绕着他们的生理需求和自然事件而不是根据时间安排日常生活，工业化社会需要许多人的一起才能工作，准确地测量时间在现代社会是非常重要的。

1.细节理解题。根据第一段“They live in groups all over the world.”——他们在世界各地群居，可知人类是群居动物；故选C。

2.细节理解题。根据第二段“The daily lives of the people of such non industrial societies are likely to be patterned around their physical needs and natural events rather than around a time schedule (时间表) based on the clock” 非工业社会人民的日常生活很可能是围绕着他们的生理需求和自然事件而不是根据时间安排；所以非工业社会人民不需要按照精确的时间表安排他们的日常生活，故选D。

3.细节理解题。根据第三段“the rays of the sun strike the stone in a certain way. When this happens, the people see that the agreed - upon time has arrived and the event can take place.” —— 可知澳大利亚的土著是根据太阳光的变化来确定时间；故选A。

4.最佳标题。本篇讲述人类经过很长时间，形成了不同的文化；非工业社会人民根据他们的生理需求和自然事件安排时间，工业化社会需要许多人的一起才能工作，准确地测量时间在现代社会是非常重要，故选A。