It is true that good writers rewrite and rewrite and then rewrite some more. But in order to work up the desire to rewrite, it is important to learn to like what you write at the early stage.
I am surprised at the number of famous writers I know who say that they so dislike reading their own writing later that they even hate to look over the publishers’ opinions. One reason we may dislike reading our own work is that we’re often disappointed that the rich ideas in our minds seem very thin and plain when first written down. Jerry Fodor and Steven Pinker suggest that this fact may be a result of how our minds work. .
Different from popular belief ,we do not usually think in the works and sentences of ordinary language but in symbols for ideas （known as “mentalese”）, and writing our ideas down is an act of translation from that symbolic language . But while mentalese contains our thoughts in the form of a complex tapestry （织锦），writing can only be composed one thread at a time . Therefore it should not be surprising that our first attempt at expressing ideas should look so simple. It is only by repeatedly rewriting that we produces new threads and connect them to get closer to the ideas formed in our minds.
When people write as if some strict critics （批评家） are looking over their shoulder , they are so worried about what this critic might say that they get stuck before they even start. Peter Elbow makes an excellent suggestion to deal with this problem. When writing we should have two different minds. At the first stage, we should see every idea, as well as the words we use to express it ,as wonderful and worth putting down . It is only during rewrites that we should examine what we excitedly wrote in the first stage and check for weaknesses.
1.What do we learn from the text about those famous writers?
A They often regret writing poor works
B Some of them write surprisingly much.
C Many of them hate reading their own works
D They are happy to review the publishers’ opinions.
2.What do people generally believe about the way human minds work?
A People think in words and sentences.
B Human ideas are translated into symbols
C People think by connecting threads of ideas.
D Human thoughts are expressed through pictures.
3.What can we conclude from the text?
A Most people believe we think in symbols.
B Loving our own writing is scientifically reasonable.
C The writers and critics can never reach an agreement.
D Thinking and writing are different stages of mind at work.
A volcanic eruption in Iceland has sent ash across northern Europe. Airlines have stopped or changed the flights across the Atlantic Ocean, leaving hundreds of passengers stuck in airports.
Grirmsvom is one of the largest and most active volcanoes in Europe. What makes Grimsvom different is that it lies under a huge glacier（冰川） of ice up to 12 maters thick. The hot volcano heats up the ice above it, which then forms a layer（层）of water between the glacier and the volcano This layer of water puts pressure on the volcano, keeping it stable, As the water flows out from under the glacier, the pressure lifts. The lava（岩浆） from the volcano then comes up to the surface. This is exactly what happened today.
Now, airlines have to make changes to their flights so as not to fly through the clouds of volcanic ash. According to KLM. one of Europe’s biggest airlines, airplanes cannot go under the cloud or over it. Going through the cloud can result in ash getting stuck in the airplane’s engines, causing damage to the plane.
The eruption has also caused problems for animals in Iceland. The volcano left ash and sharp. Glass-like rocks all over the countryside. Farmers are keeping their animals inside to stop them from eating ash- covered grass to the sharp object.
1.What makes Grimsvom different from other volcanoes?
A. It is below ice.
B. It lies under the sea
C. It is the largest volcano
D. It is lava affects the airlines
2.What keeps Grimsvotn still?
A. The slow flow of water
B. The low water temperature
C. The thick glacier
D. The water pressure
3.Which of the following is the result of the volcanic eruption?
A. People stop traveling in Europe
B. Airlines suffer from the loss of planes
C. It becomes dangerous for animals to eat outside
D. Farmers have lost many of their animals
4.This text is most probably taken from_
A. a research paper
B. a newspaper report
C. a class presentation
D. a geography textbook.
Professor Wooden makes roughly $1,000 every week, and 60 percent of _________ is spent on books
A. which B. them C. it D. what
We needed a new cupboard for the kitchen, so Bob made ____ from some wood we had.
A. it B. one C. himself D. another
John has tried many ways to solve the physics problems, but works.
A．little B．anything C．none D．nothing
Medical care in the country cannot compare with big cities.
A．one of B．that of C．不填 D．the one of
