Not all people like to work and everyone likes to play. All over 1.__________
the world men and woman, boys and girls enjoy sports. Since 2.__________
long ago ,many adults and children called their friends together 3.___________
to spend hours, even days play games. One of the reasons people 4.__________
like to play is that sports help them to like happily .In other words, 5.__________
they help to keep people strong and feel good . When people are 6.__________
playing games, they move a lot .That is how sports are good activities 7.__________
for their health. Having fun with their friends make them happy. 8.__________
Many people enjoy sports by watching the others play. In American 9._________
big cities, thousands sell tickets to watch football or basketball games. 10.________
From the moment that an animal is has to make decisions. It has to decide which of the things around it are for eating, and which are to be avoided; when to attack and when to run away. The animal is, in fact, playing a very dangerous game with its environment, a game in which it must make decisions — a matter of life or death.
Animals ability to act reasonably is believed to come partly form what we may call “genetic (遗传性的) learning”, which is different from the individual (个体的) learning that an animal does in the course of its own lifetime. Genetic Learning is learning by a species ---- animals of the same kind ---- as a whole, and it is achieved by selection of those members of each generation that happen to act in the right way. However, the role of genetic learning depends upon how similar the future environment is to the past. The more important individual experience is likely to be, the less important is genetic learning as a means of getting over the problems of the survival game. Because most animals live in ever changing environments from one generation to the next, it is not surprising to find that very few species indeed depend wholly upon genetic learning.
In the great majority of animals, their particular ways of acting in a new environment are a compound (复合体) of individual experience added to the action patterns animals are born with. That is why animals can survive.
1.The animal’s life will come to an end _______.
A. if the animal makes a wrong decision
B. if the animal plays a dangerous game
C. when the animal attacks its enemy
D. when the animal runs too slowly
2.Very few species depend entirely on genetic learning because ________.
A. each generation has its own way of learning
B. their environments change all the time
C. they can act reasonably on their own
D. it takes their whole life to learn
3.When the environment doesn’t change much, ______.
A. animals cannot act in a right way
B. genetic learning is less important for animals
C. individual learning plays a less important role
D. animals cannot get over problems on their own
4.Animals’ living on generation after generation depends on _______.
A. their natural action pattern with their own experience
B. the lessons they have learnt during their lifetime
C. their experience in particular environments
D. the knowledge passed on by their parents
Thirteen vehicles lined up last March to race across the Mojave Desert, seeking a million in prize money. To win, they had to finish the 142-mile race in less than 10 hours. Teams and watchers knew there might be no winner at all, because these vehicles were missing a key part-drivers.
DARPA, the Defense Advanced Research Projects Agency, organized the race as part of a push to develop robotic vehicles for future battlefields. But the Grand Challenge, as it was called, just proved how difficult it is to get a car to speed across an unfamiliar desert without human guidance. One had its brake lock up in the starting area. Another began by throwing itself onto a wall. Another got tied up by bushes near the road after 1.9 miles.
One turned upside down. One took off in entirely the wrong direction and had to be disabled by remote (远程的) control. One went a little more than a mile and rushed into a fence;
Another managed to go for six miles but stuck on a rock. The “winner,” if there was any, reached 7.8 miles before it ran into a long, narrow hole, and the front wheels caught on fire.
“You get a lot of respect for natural abilities of the living thing,” says Reinhold Behringer, who helped design two of the car-size vehicles for a company called Sci-Autonics. “Even ants (蚂蚁) can do all these tasks effortlessly. It’s very hard for us to put these abilities into our machines.”
The robotic vehicles, though with necessary modern equipment such as advanced computers and GPS guidance, had trouble figuring out fast enough the blocks ahead that a two-year-old human recognizes immediately. Sure, that very young child, who has just only learned to walk, may not think to wipe apple juice off her face, but she already knows that when there’s a cookie in the kitchen she has to climb up the table, and that when she gets to the cookie it will taste gook. She is more advanced, even months old, than any machine humans have designed.
1.Watchers doubted if any of the vehicles could finish the race because ______.
A. they did not have any human guidance.
B. the road was not familiar to the drivers.
C. the distance was too long for the vehicles
D. the prize money was unattractive to the drivers.
2.DARPA organized the race in order to _______.
A. raise money for producing more robotic vehicles
B. push the development of vehicle industry
C. train more people to drive in the desert
D. improve the vehicles for future wars
3.From the passage we know “robotic vehicles” are a kind of machines that_______.
A. can do effortlessly whatever tasks living things can
B. can take part in a race across 142 miles with a time limit
C. can show off their ability to turn themselves upside down
D. can move from place to place without being driven by human beings
4.In the race, the greatest distance one robotic vehicle covered was ______.
A. about eight miles
B. six miles
C. almost two miles
D. about one mile
5.In the last paragraph, the writer implies that there is long way to go ______.
A. for a robotic vehicle to finish a 142-mile race without any difficulties
B. for a little child who has just learned to walk to reach the cookie on the table
C. for a robotic vehicle to deal with a simple problem that a little child can solve
D. for a little child to understand the importance of wiping apple juice off its face
Goods must be of proper quality, must be as described on the package and must be fit for any particular purpose made known by the seller . Those three rules used for the goods you buy can also be used for the goods you get on hire , or for the goods you get as part of a service .
There are also rules which deal with the standard of service you get –from , say, travel agents , shoe repairers , hairdressers and builders . These tell you what should expect from any service you pay for .
A person providing a service must do so:
--with reasonable care and skill . You should expect a proper standard of workmanship(工艺). A new house should have straight walls and the roof must not leak.
--Within a reasonable time. A shop should not take three months to repair your TV. You can always agree upon a completion time with the supplier of the service.
You, the customer, must pay:
--A reasonable charge for a service, where no price has been fixed in advance .A trader can not expect a large payment for a small job.
1.The underlined word ”these” in Paragraph 2 refers to “____”.
A. the services
B. the workers
C. the goods
D. the rules
2.What should the supplier do when offering a service?
A. He should determine the completion time himself.
B. He should provide free repairs within three months.
C. He should make sure the service meets proper standards.
D. He should reach an agreement on the payment with his workers.
3.The passage is trying to ____.
A. ask the customer to but goods and services of high quality
B. advise the buyer how to pay a reasonable price for a service
C. tell the customer what rights he has once he pays for something
D. warn the seller what he sells must meet the buyer’s requirements
At one time no one could travel on an English road faster than four miles an hour. That was the law until 1896. A man had to walk in front of a car which could not go faster than the man. At night the man had to carry a red lamp.
Once Charles Rolls brought a car from France to England, but he wanted to drive faster than four miles an hour. In order to have no trouble with the police, he had a talk with some of the police officers, who ordered their policemen to look the other way when the car came along the road. This was a good plan in the country, but not so easy to follow in the busy streets of London.
One night Rolls and some friends started from London on their journey to Cambridge. One of the men walked in front with the red lamp, but he walked as fast as he could. The police became very interested in walls and shop-fronts when they heard the car, and not one of them saw it.
They reached a hill; but what a waste of time it was to drive down the hill at four miles an hour! Rolls was getting ready to jump into the car; but then he noticed a policeman who was not looking the other way, The slow car reached him.
“Good evening,” said the policeman, looking at the car.
“Good evening,” said Rolls, holding the lamp.
“One of these horseless things,” said the policeman, looking at it with interest.
“Yes,” said Rolls, and waited.
“I’ve often wanted a ride in one; but of course policeman can’t buy things like that. ” He turned and looked hopefully in Rolls’ face.
“Jump in, ” said Rolls.
“thanks, ” said the policeman, and did so. “Now, ”he said, sitting down, “you can let it go just as you like down this hill. There isn’t another policeman on this road for a mile and a half.”
1.The policeman were told “to look the other way”(the under part in Paregraph2) so that______.
A. they could watch the car coming form the other direction
B. the car could go father than four miles an hour
C. they car mark sure no one was in the way
D. the car would not hit them on the road
2.In what way did the policeman carry out the order from their officers?
A. They greeted polls when the car came along.
B. They walked in front of the car whit a red lamp.
C. They pretended to be attracted by something else.
D. They stood on duty every 1.5 miles along the rode.
3.The policeman who said “Good evening” to Rolls wanted to______ .
A. teach Rolls a lesson
B. take a free ride home
C. have a talk with Rolls
D. have a car ride experience
4.After the policeman jumped into the car, Rolls______ .
A. dared not drive the car faster than he was allowed to
B. could drive as fast as wished within a certain distance
C. could drive on any road he like for the rest of the journey
D. drove his car as fast as he could down the hill to Cambridge
Have you ever wondered why birds sing? Maybe you thought that they were just happy. After all, you probably sing or whistle when you are happy.
Some scientists believe that birds do sing some of the time just because they are happy. However, they sing most of the time for a very different reason. Their singing is actually a warning to other birds to stay out of their territory.
Do you know what a “territory” is? A territory is an area that an animal, usually the male, claim (声称) as its own. Only he and his family are welcome there. No other families of the same species (物种) are welcome. Your yard and house are your territory where only your family and friends are welcome. If a stranger should enter your territory and threaten you, you might shout. Probably this would be enough to frighten him away.
If so, you have actually scared the stranger away without having to fight him. A bird does the same thing. But he expects an outsider almost any time, especially at nesting(筑巢) season. So he is screaming all the time, whether he can see an outsider or not. This screaming is what we call a bird’s song, and it is usually enough to keep an outsider away.
Birds sing loudest in the spring when they are trying to attract a mate and warn others not to enter the territory of theirs.
You can see that birds have a language all their own. Most of it has to do with attracting mates and setting up territories.
1.Some scientists believe that most of the time birds’ singing is actually____.
A. an expression of happiness
B. a way of warning
C. an expression of anger
D. a way of greeting
2.What is a birds’ “territory”?
A. A place where families of other species are not accepted.
B. A place where a bird may shout at the top of its voice.
C. An area for which a birds fight against each other.
D. An area which a bird considers to be its own.
3.Why do birds keep on singing at nesting season?
A. Because they want to invite more friends.
B. Because their singing helps frighten outsiders away.
C. Because they want to find outsiders around.
D. Because their singing helps get rid of their fears.
4.How does the writer explain birds’ singing?
A. By comparing birds with human beings.
B. By reporting experiment results.
C. By describing birds’ daily life.
D. By telling a bird’s story
