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Almost everybody in America will spend a part of his or her life behind a shopping cart （购物手推车）．They will, in a lifetime, push the chrome-plated contraptions many miles．But few will know—or even think to ask—who it was that invented them．
Sylvan N．Goldman invented the shopping cart in 1937．At that time he was in the supermarket business．Every day he would see shoppers lugging （吃力地携带） groceries around in baskets they had to carry．
One day Goldman suddenly had the idea of putting baskets on wheels．The wheeled baskets would make shopping much easier for his customers, and would help to attract more business．
On June 4, 1937, Goldman’s first carts were ready for use in his market．He was terribly excited on the morning of that day as customers began arriving．He couldn’t wait to see them using his invention．
But Goldman was disappointed．Most shoppers gave the carts a long look, but hardly anybody would give them a try．
After a while, Goldman decided to ask customers why they weren’t using his carts．“Don’t you think this arm is strong enough to carry a shopping basket?” one shopper replied．
But Goldman wasn’t beaten yet．He knew his carts would be a great success if only he could persuade people to give them a try．To this end, Goldman hired a group of people to push carts around his market and pretend they were shopping! Seeing this, the real customers gradually began copying the phony （假冒的） customers．{007}
As Goldman had hoped, the carts were soon attracting larger and larger numbers of customers to his market．But not only did more people come—those who came bought more．With larger, easier-to-handle baskets, customers unconsciously bought a greater number of items than before．
Today’s shopping carts are five times larger than Goldman’s original model．Perhaps that’s one reason Americans today spend more than five times as much money on food each year as they did before 1937—before the coming of the shopping cart．
1.What was the purpose of Goldman’s invention? （No more than 13 words）
__________________________________________________________．
2.Why was Goldman disappointed at first? （No more than 10 words）
__________________________________________________________．
3.Why did Goldman hire people to push carts around his market? （No more than 10 words）
__________________________________________________________．
4.What do you think of Goldman? （No more than 20 words）
_______________________________________________________________________．
About six years ago I was eating lunch in a restaurant in New York City when a
woman and a young boy sat down at the next table, I couldn’t help overhearing parts of their conversation．At one point the woman asked, “So, how have you been?” And the boy — who could not have been more than seven or eight years old — replied．“Frankly, I’ve been feeling a little depressed lately．”
This incident stuck in my mind because it confirmed （确认） my growing belief that children are changing．As far as I can remember, my friends and I didn’t find out we were “depressed”, that is, in low spirits, until we were in high school．
Undoubtedly a change in children has increased steadily in recent years．Children don’t seem childlike anymore．Children speak more like adults, dress more like adults and behave more like adults than they used to．
Whether this is good or bad is difficult to say, but it certainly is different．Childhood as it once was no longer exists．Why?
Human development is depended not only on born biological states, but also on patterns of gaining social knowledge．Movement from one social role to another usually involves learning the secrets of the new social positions．Children have always been taught adult secrets, but slowly and in stages; traditionally, we tell sixth graders things we keep hidden from fifth graders．
In the last 30 years, however, a secret-revelation （揭示） machine has been equipped in 98 percent of American homes．It is called television．Television passes information to all viewers alike, whether they are children or adults．Unable to resist the temptation （诱惑） , many children turn their attention from printed texts to the less challenging, more attractive moving pictures．
Communication through print, as a matter of fact, allows for a great deal of control over the social information which children will gain．Children must read simple books before they can read complex materials．
1.According to the author, feeling depressed is ________．
A．a sure sign of a mental problem in a child
B．a mental state present in all humans, including children
C．something that cannot be avoided in children’s mental development
D．something hardly to be expected in a young child
2.Traditionally, a child is supposed to learn about the adult world _________．
A．through connection with society
B．gradually and under guidance
C．naturally without being taught
D．through watching television
3.According to the author, that today’s children seem adultlike results from ________．
A．the widespread influence of television
B．the poor arrangement of teaching content
C．the fast pace of human scientific development
D．the rising standard of living
4.What does the author think of communication through print for children?
A．It enables children to gain more social information．
B．It develops children’s interest in reading and writing．
C．It helps children to read and write well．
D．It can control what children are to learn．
5.What does the author think of the change in today’s children?
A．He feels their adultlike behavior is so funny．
B．He thinks people should pay attention to the change．
C．He considers it a rapid development．
D．He seems to be upset about it．
Have you ever suddenly felt that someone you knew was in trouble—and was he? Have you ever dreamed something that came true later? Maybe you have ESP （超感觉知觉）．
ESP stands for Extrasensory Perception．It may be called a sixth sense．It seems to let people know about events before they happen, or events that are happening some distance away．
Here's an example．A woman was ironing clothes．Suddenly she screamed, "My father is dead! I saw him sitting in the chair!" Just then, a telegram came．The woman's father died of a heart attack．He died sitting in a chair．
There are thousands of stories like this one on record．Scientists are studying them to find out what's behind these strange mental messages．Here's another example—one of hundreds of dreams that have come true．
A man dreamed he was walking along a road when a horse and carriage came by．The driver said, "There's room for one more．" The man felt the driver seemed dead, so he ran away．The next day, when the man was getting on a crowded bus, the bus driver said, "There's room for one more．"
Then the man saw that the driver's face was the same face he had seen in the dream．He wouldn't get on the bus．As the bus drove off, it crashed and burst into flames．Everyone was killed!
Some people say stories like these are coincidences．Others, including some scientists, say that ESP is real．From studies of ESP, we may someday learn more about the human mind．
1.According to the passage, the author believes that the sixth sense is ________．
A．in existence B．imaginative
C．not real D．impossible
2.ESP lets people know _________．
A．about events before they happen
B．about events after they happen
C．about events that are happening some distance away
D．A and C
3.By studying ESP, scientists may get to ________．
A．learn how people tell lies B．know more about human dreams
C．know more about human mind D．learn how strange things happen
4.In the last paragraph the underlined word "coincidences" probably means _______．
A．things that may not happen B．things that happen in a dream
C．things that must happen D．things that happen by accident
5.This article is mainly about ________．
A．the human dream B．the sixth sense
C．the human mind D．a crowded bus
You could ______ this company if you play your cards right.
A. end up with B. end up in
C. end up running D. end up
I can’t ______ him with my little affairs.
A. bother B. expose
C. criticize D. contradict
He ______ say what he thought.
A. dares not B. hasn’t dared
C. dare not to D. didn’t dare to
