Many Americans are turning to Japan, they think, a country of high academic achievement and economic success, for possible answers．However, the answers provided by Japanese preschools are not the ones Americans expected to find．In most Japanese preschools, surprisingly little emphasis is put on academic instruction．In one survey, 300 Japanese and 210 American preschool teachers, child development specialists, and parents were asked about various aspects of early childhood education．Only 2 percent of the Japanese respondents （答问卷者） listed “to give children a good start academically” as one of their top three reasons for a society to have preschools．In contrast, over half the American respondents chose this as one of their top three choices．To prepare children for successful careers in first grade and beyond, Japanese preschools do not teach reading, writing, and mathematics, but rather skills such as determination, concentration, and the ability to work as a member of a group．The huge majority of young Japanese children are taught to read at home by their parents．
Like in America, there is diversity （多样性） in Japanese early childhood education．Some Japanese kindergartens have specific aims, such as early musical training or potential development．In large cities, some kindergartens are attached to universities that have elementary and secondary schools．Some Japanese parents believe that if their young children attend a university-based program, it will increase the children’s chances of eventually being admitted to top-rated（一流的） schools and universities．Several more progressive programs have introduced free play as a way out for the heavy intellectualizing （智能化） in some Japanese kindergartens.
1.We learn from the first paragraph that many Americans believe .
A．Japanese parents are more involved in preschool education than American parents
B．Japan’s economic success is a result of its scientific achievements
C．Japanese preschool education emphasizes academic instruction
D．Japan’s higher education is superior to theirs
2.In Japan’s preschool education, the focus is on .
A．preparing children academically B．developing children’s artistic interests
C．developing children’s potential D．shaping children’s character
3.Why do some Japanese parents send their children to university-based kindergartens?
A．They can do better in their future studies.
B．They can make more group experience grow there.
C．They can be self-centered when they grow up.
D．They can have better chances of getting a first-rate education.
4.Free play has been introduced in some Japanese kindergartens in order to .
A．broaden children’s knowledge B．train children’s creativity
C．lighten children’s study load D．enrich children’s experience
I had an experience some years ago, which taught me something about the ways in which people make a bad situation worse by blaming themselves．One January, I had to hold two funerals on successive days for two elderly women in my community．Both had died “full of years”, as the Bible would say．Their homes happened to be near each other, so I paid condolence （吊唁） calls on the two families on the same afternoon.
At the first home, the son of the deceased （已故的） woman said to me, “If only I had sent my mother to Florida and gotten her out of this cold and snow , she would be alive today．It’s my fault that she died.” At the second home, the son of the other deceased woman said, “If only I hadn’t insisted on my mother’s going to Florida, she would be alive today．That long airplane ride, the sudden change of climate, was more than she could take．It’s my fault that she’s dead.”
You see that any time there is a death, the survivors will feel guilty．Because the course of action they took turned out badly, they believe that the opposite course — keeping Mother at home, putting off the operation — would have turned out better．After all, how could it have turned out any worse?
There seem to be two elements involved in our willingness to feel guilty．The first is our pressing need to believe that the world makes sense, that there is a cause for every effect and a reason for everything that happens．That leads us to find patterns and connections both where they really exist and where they exist only in our minds.
The second element is the view that we are the cause of what happens, especially the bad things that happen．It seems to be a short step from believing that every event has a cause to believing that every disaster is our fault．The roots of this feeling may lie in our childhood.
A baby comes to think that the world exists to meet his needs, and that he makes everything happen in it．He wakes up in the morning and summons the rest of the world to its tasks．He cries, and someone comes to attend to him．When he is hungry, people feed him, and when he is wet, people change him．Very often, we do not completely outgrow that childish view that our wishes cause things to happen.
1.The author had to hold the two women’s funerals probably because .
A．he wanted to comfort the two families
B．he was an official from the community
C．he had great pity for the deceased
D．he was priest of the local church
2.People feel guilty for the deaths of their loved ones because .
A．they couldn’t find a better way to express their sorrow
B．they believe that they were responsible
C．they had neglected the natural course of events
D．they didn’t know things often turn out in the opposite direction
3.According to the passage, the underlined part in paragraph 4 probably means that .
A．everything in the world is predetermined
B．the world can be interpreted in different ways
C．there’s an explanation for everything in the world
D．we have to be sensible in order to understand the world
4.What’s the main idea of the passage?
A．Life and death is an unsolved mystery.
B．Every story should have a happy ending.
C．Never feel guilty all the time because not every disaster is our fault.
D．In general, the survivors will feel guilty about the people who passed away .
Domestic （驯养的） horses now pull ploughs, race in the Kentucky Derby, and carry police．But early horses weren’t tame （驯服的） enough to perform these kinds of tasks．Scientists think the first interactions humans had with horses were far different from those today.
Thousands of years ago, people killed the wild horses that lived around them for food．Over time, people began to catch the animals and raise them．This was the first step in domestication.
As people began to tame and ride horses, they chose to keep those animals that had more desirable characteristics．For example, people may have chosen to keep horses that had a gentle personality so they could be ridden more easily．People who used horses to pull heavy loads would have chosen to keep stronger animals．Characteristics like strength are partly controlled by the animals’ genes．So as the domesticated horses reproduced, they passed the characteristics on to their young．Each new generation of horses would show more of these chosen characteristics.
Modern-day horse breeds（种类） come in a wide variety of shapes and sizes．This variety didn’t exist in the horse population before domestication．The Shetland horse is one of the smallest breeds— typically reaching only one meter tall．With short, strong legs, the animals were bred to pull coal out of mine shafts （矿井） with low ceilings．Huge horses like the Clydesdale came on the scene around 1700．People bred these heavy, tall horses to pull large vehicles used for carrying heavy loads.
The domestication of horses has had great effects on societies．For example, horses were important tools in the advancement of modern agriculture．Using them to pull ploughs and carry heavy loads allowed people to farm more efficiently．Before they were able to ride horses, humans had to cross land on foot．Riding horses allowed people to travel far greater distance in much less time．That encouraged populations living in different areas to interact with one another．The new form of rapid transportation helped cultures spread around the world.
1.Before domestication horses were ______.
A．caught for sports B．hunted for food
C．made to pull ploughs D．used to carry people
2.The author uses the Shetland horse as an example to show ______.
A．it is smaller than the Clydesdale horse
B．horses used to have gentle personalities
C．some horses have better shapes than others
D．horses were of less variety before domestication
3.Horses contributed to the spread of culture by ______.
A．carrying heavy loads B．changing farming methods
C．serving as a means of transport D．advancing agriculture in different areas
4.The passage is mainly about _______.
A．why humans domesticated horses
B．how humans and horses needed each other
C．why horses came in different shapes and sizes
D．how human societies and horses influenced each other
Margaret, married with two small children, has been working for the last seven years as a night cleaner, cleaning offices in a big building.
She trained as a nurse, but had to give it up when her elder child became seriously ill．“I would have liked to go back to it, but the shifts（工作班次）are all wrong for me, as I have to be home to get the children up and off to school.”
So she works as a cleaner instead, from 9 p.m．till 6 a.m．five nights a week for just ￡90, before tax and insurance．“It’s better than it was last year, but I still think that people who work ‘unsocial hours’ should get a bit extra.”
The hours she’s chosen to work mean that she sees plenty of the children, but very little of her husband．However, she doesn’t think that puts any pressure on their relationship.
Her work isn’t physically very hard, but it’s not exactly pleasant, either．“I do get angry with people who leave their offices like a place for raising pigs．If they realized people like me have to do it, perhaps they’d be a bit more careful.”
The fact that she’s working all night doesn’t worry Margaret at all．Unlike some dark buildings at night, the building where she works is fully lit, and the women work in groups of three．“Since I’ve got to be here, I try to enjoy myself—— and I usually do, because of the other girls．We all have a good laugh, so the time never drags.”
Another challenge Margaret has to face is the reaction of other people when she tells them what she does for a living．“They think you’re a cleaner because you don’t know how to read and write,” said Margaret, “I used to think what my parents would say if they knew what I’d been doing, but I don’t think that way any more．I don’t dislike the work though I can’t say I’m mad about it.”
1.Margaret quit her job as a nurse because _______.
A．she wanted to earn more money to support her family
B．she had suffered a lot of mental pressure
C．she needed the right time to look after her children
D．she felt tired of taking care of patients
2.Margaret gets angry with people who work in the office because _______.
A．they never clean their offices B．they look down upon cleaners
C．they never do their work carefully D．they always make a mess in their offices
3.When at work, Margaret feels _______.
A．light-hearted because of her fellow workers
B．happy because the building is fully lit
C．tired because of the heavy workload
D．bored because time passes slowly
4.The underlined part in the last paragraph implies that Margaret’s parents would _______.
A．help care for her children B．regret what they had said
C．show sympathy for her D．feel disappointed in her
I believe in my mother．My belief began when I was just a kid, when I 1becoming a doctor.
My mother was a 2．Through her work, she observed that 3people spent a lot more time 4than they did watching television．She announced that my brother and I could only watch two to three 5TV programs during the week．With our free time, we had to read two books each week from the Detroit Public Library and 6written book reports to her．She would mark them up with check markers and underline the 7parts．Years later we realized her marks were a 8．My mother was illiterate（文盲）．Although we had no money, 9the covers of those books, I could go anywhere, do anything and be anybody.
When I entered high school, I was an A-student, but not for 10．I wanted the fancy clothes．I wanted to hang about with the guys．I went from being an A-student to a B-student and to a C-student, but I didn’t 11．I was cool.
One night my mother came home after her several jobs and I 12about not having enough Italian knit shirts．She said, “Okay, I’ll give you the money I 13this week by rubbing floors and cleaning bathrooms and you can buy the family food and pay the bills．With 14left over, you can have all that you want.” I was very 15with that arrangement．But once I got through 16money, there was nothing left．I realized my mother was a financial genius to be able to keep a（n） 17over our heads and any kind of food on the table．I was also 18that immediate satisfaction wasn’t going to get me anywhere．Success 19intellectual（知识上的） preparation．I went back to my studies and became an A-student again, and 20I realized my dream and I became a doctor.
1.A．contributed to B．was sure of C．dreamed of D．thought of
2.A．maidservant B．teacher C．worker D．nurse
3.A．honest B．successful C．kind D．careful
4.A．writing B．reading C．working D．training
5.A．familiar B．dull C．designed D．selected
6.A．turn in B．take in C．bring in D．check in
7.A．difficult B．easy C．opposite D．important
8.A．wealth B．quiz C．pleasure D．competition
9.A．between B．under C．within D．below
10.A．the last B．a minute C．long D．anything
11.A．know B．care C．admit D．realize
12.A．announced B．claimed C．complained D．blamed
13.A．borrow B．make C．control D．collect
14.A．something B．everything C．anything D．nothing
15.A．encouraged B．puzzled C．moved D．pleased
16.A．adding B．applying C．dividing D．exchanging
17.A．balance B．arrangement C．hat D．roof
18.A．aware B．worried C．confused D．delighted
19.A．included B．required C．combined D．matched
20.A．actually B．shortly C．fortunately D．finally
Do not start a book unless you can see from the first few pages that it is ________ you can easily read and understand.
A．that B．one C．the one D．that one
