When an emergency situation occurs, observers are more likely to take action if there are few or no other witnesses. This phenomenon is referred to as the bystander （旁观者）effect．
The bystander effect is also called the Genovese effect, which is named after Catherine “Kitty" Genovese, a young woman who was cruelly murdered on March 13, 1964. Early in the morning, 28-year-old Genovese was returning home from work. As she approached her apartment entrance, she was attacked and stabbed（刺）by a man later identified as Winston Moseley. Despite Genovese's repeated cries for help, none of people in the nearby apartment building who heard her cries called police for help. The attack first began at 3:20, but it was not until 3:50 that someone first contacted police．
Many psychologists were set thinking by the incident, as well as most Americans. As the conclusion, the bystander effect came out and later proved by a series of studies and experiments.
There are two major factors that contribute to the bystander effect. First, the presence of other people creates a division of responsibility. Because there are other observers, individuals do not feel as much pressure to take action, since the responsibility to take action is thought to be shared among all of those present. The second reason is the need to behave in correct and socially acceptable ways. When other observers fail to react, individuals often take this as a signal that a response is not needed or not appropriate.
Other researchers have found that onlookers are less likely to take action if the situation is ambiguous. In the case of Kitty Genovese, many of the 38 witnesses reported that they believed that they were witnessing a "lovers' quarrel", and did not realize that the young woman was actually being murdered．
1.. The bystander effect is also called the Genovese effect because a woman surnamed Genovese．
A. it somehow caused the murder of
B. its discovery resulted from the murder of
C. it was actually discovered by
D. it always makes people think of
2.. Genovese was murdered . ．
A. while she was going out B. in her apartment
C. halfway home D. near her apartment
3.. Which can NOT have been a possible reason for the neighbors NOT offering Genovese help?
A. They believed in the bystander effect．
B. They thought someone else might help her．
C. They didn't think they should help．
D. They didn't think she needed help．
4.. Before deciding to offer help, observers may , according to the psychologists．
A. wait for sort of a signal
B. hesitate and estimate the risk of getting hurt
C. want to be sure it's appropriate to react
D. wonder if the victim is worth helping
5.. The article seems to suggest that, if there had been observers, Genovese might not have been murdered．
A. no B. fewer C. more D. braver
That cold January night, I was growing sick of my life in San Francisco. There I was walking home at one in the morning after a tiring practice at the theater. With opening night only a week away, I was still learning my lines. I was having trouble dealing with my part-time job at the bank and my acting at night at the same time. As I walked, I thought seriously about giving up both acting and San Francisco. City life had become too much for me.
As I walked down empty streets under tall buildings, I felt very small and cold. I began running, both to keep warm and to keep away from any possible robbers. Very few people were still out except a few sad-looking homeless people under blankets.
About a block from my apartment, I heard a sound behind me. I turned quickly, half expecting to see someone with a knife or a gun. The street was empty. All I saw was a shining streetlight. Still, the noise had made me nervous, so I started to run faster. Not until I reached my apartment building and unlocked the door did I realize what the noise had been. It had been my wallet falling to the sidewalk.
Suddenly I wasn't cold or tired any more. I ran out of the door and back to where I'd heard the noise. Although I searched the sidewalk anxiously for fifteen minutes, my wallet was nowhere to be found.
Just as I was about to give up the search, I heard the garbage truck pull up to the sidewalk next to me. When a voice called from the inside, “Alisa Camacho？” I thought I was dreaming. How could this man know my name？ The door opened, and out jumped a small red-haired man with an amused look in his eyes. “Is this what you're looking for？” he asked, holding up a small square shape.
It was nearly 3 a.m. by the time I got into bed. I wouldn't get much sleep that night, but I had got my wallet back. I also had got back some enjoyment of city life. I realized that the city couldn't be a bad place as long as people were willing to help each other.
1... How did the writer feel when she was walking home after work？
A. Cold and sick B. Lucky and hopeful
C. Satisfied and cheerful D. Disappointed and helpless
2.. From the first paragraph, we learn that the writer was busy . .
A. solving her problem at the bank B. taking part in various city activities
C. learning acting in an evening school D. preparing for the first night show
3..On her way home the writer . .
A. lost her wallet unknowingly
B. was stopped by a garbage truck driver
C. was robbed of her wallet by a man with a knife
D. found some homeless people following her
4.. In the fifth paragraph, why did the writer say she was dreaming？
A. Someone offered to take her back home B. A red-haired man came to see her.
C. She heard someone call her name D. Her wallet was found in a garbage truck
5.. From the text, we can infer that the writer . .
A. would stop working at night B. would stay on in San Francisco
C. would make friends with cleaners. D. would give up her job at the bank
I arrived at the bus station much too early for the London bus, which was not to leave until five to twelve. I pushed through the crowds, looking for somewhere to sit down. Scores of people were standing about, or struggling along with their bags and the cases to find the right lines. There was a party of school girls. I could see teachers trying to keep them in order. But there was nowhere for me to sit.
I stepped into the station buffet. I looked up at the clock there. It was only twenty to twelve. I found a seat opposite a large mirror on the wall. Just then a friend of mine called Jim came in and sat with me. "What time is your bus?" asked Jim. "Oh, there's a plenty of time yet," I answered. "Oh, I'll get some drinks then," said Jim. We talked while drinking. Then I looked at the clock again. "Good heavens! It's going backward!" I cried. "A moment ago it was twenty to twelve and now it's half past eleven." "You are looking at the clock in the mirror," said Jim. I could kick myself for being so stupid. I had not realized that the marks for one and eleven on the face of the clock were the same. The next bus was not to leave for another hour. I have never liked mirror since then.
1.. The London bus left ________.
A. at five to twelve B. before five to twelve
C. after five to twelve D. until five to twelve
2... The writer went to the station buffet because ________.
A. he was thirsty
B. he saw the station buffet was not so crowded
C. it was still early for his bus and he couldn't find a place to sit at the bus station
D. he had changed his mind; he wouldn't go to London
3... The writer sat ________.
A. behind a mirror B. facing a mirror
C. under a mirror D. near a mirror
4.. Jim came to the station buffet at about ________.
A. twenty to twelve B. twenty past twelve
C. half past one D. twenty past eleven
5.. What time was it when the writer looked at the clock again?
It was ________.
A. half past eleven B. twelve thirty
C. twelve twenty D.eleven thirty
There is a story about a school teacher named Mrs. Thompson. Standing in front of her 36 grade class on the first day of school, she told the children a lie. She said she 37 them all. But that was 38 , because there was a little boy called Teddy, whom she didn’t like at all.
Mrs. Thompson was 39 that he didn’t play well with other children, that his clothes were 40 and that he always needed a bath. 41 , when she received his records, she got a real 42 .
Teddy’s first grade teacher wrote, “Teddy is a smart child with ready laugh. He does his work neatly and has good manners.”
His second grade 43 wrote, “Teddy is an excellent student, well liked by his classmates, but he is troubled because his mother has a deadly illness and life at home 44 be a struggle.”
His third teacher wrote, “ His mother’s death has been 45 to him.”
By now, Mrs. Thompson realized the problem and she was 46 herself. She felt even worse when students 47 her beautiful Christmas presents, except for Teddy’s ---- a 48 that was one quarter full perfume（香水）.
After the children left she 49 for at least an hour.
Mrs. Thompson paid particular attention to Teddy. By the end of the year, Teddy had become one of the 50 children in the class. Six years went by when she got a letter from Teddy, 51 that he had finished high school.
There followed another letter years later. Teddy 52 Mrs. Thompson to attend his wedding and asked 53 she could sit in the place usually kept for the 54 of the groom.
Teddy 55 in Mrs. Thompson’s ear, “Thank you for believing in me. Thank you so much for making me feel important”
Mrs. Thompson, with tears in her eyes, whispered back saying “Teddy, you are wrong. In fact, I didn’t know how to teach until I met you.”
1.. A. 5th B. 1st C.3rd D. 2nd
2.. A. praised B. loved C. punished D. treated
3.. A. ridiculous B. unimportant C. disappointed D. impossible
4.. A. known B. scolded C. told D. asked
5... A. clean B. funny C. dirty D. strange
6... A. However B. Therefore C. Besides D. Otherwise
7... A. fear B. problem C. surprise D. puzzle
8.. A. classmate B. teacher C. friend D. leader
9... A. must B. might C. need D. have to
10.. A. easy B. necessary C. fair D. hard
11.. A. crazy about B. ashamed of C. worried about D. tired of
12... A. brought B. sold C. received D. afforded
13.. A. box B. bag C. bottle D. pack
14... A. laughed B. sat C. cried D. walked
15..A. smartest B. tallest C. laziest D. worst
16.. A. permitting B. telling C. praising D. regretting
17.. A. encouraged B. invited C. frightened D. begged
18... A. when B. where C. why D. if
19... A. father B. aunt C. uncle D. mother
20... A. shouted B. acted C. waved D. whispered
— In which part of the play was ________ your brother appeared?
— In the last ten minutes.
A. that where B. this when C. it that D. it where
— Mr. Gordon asked me to remind you of the meeting this afternoon. Don't you forget it!
— Ok, I ______. .
A. won't B. don't C. will D. do
