Dogs have an understanding of fair play and become angry if they feel that another dog is getting a better deal, a new study has found.
The study looked at how dogs react when a companion is rewarded for the same trick in an unequal way. Friederike Range, a famous researcher, and her colleagues did a series of experiments with dogs who knew how to respond to the command “give the paw”. The dogs were normally happy to repeatedly give the paw, whether they got a reward or not.
But that changed if they saw that another dog was being rewarded with a piece of food, while they received nothing. The dogs hesitated significantly longer when obeying the command to give the paw. Eventually, the unrewarded dogs stopped cooperating.
Researchers always assumed that only humans pay close attention to unfairness. That changed in 2003 when Frans De Waal, a professor of psychology, and a colleague named Sarah Brosnan did a survey on monkeys. Monkeys had to hand a small rock to researchers to get a piece of cucumber(黄瓜) in return. However, the monkeys would suddenly become angry when receiving the piece of cucumber if they saw another monkey receive a more delicious reward, such as a grape, for doing the same job. The monkey that got the cucumber would eventually throw away the food and the rock, and would later just stop performing.
In that experiment, the monkeys considered the fairness of two different types of payment, but when Range and her colleagues did a similar study with their trained dogs, testing to see if dogs would become upset if they only got bread when other dogs received sausage, they found that dogs did not make that kind of subtle (细微的) distinction. As long as the dogs got some kind of food payment, even if it wasn’t the most delicious kind, they would play along.
1. The dogs refused to give their paws when they _____________________.
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A．were given too much reward |
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B．realized they received less food |
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C．found another dog was given nothing |
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D．felt they were being treated unequally |
2.The underlined word “that” in Paragraph 3 probably refers to “__________________”.
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A．the dogs obeyed the command happily |
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B．the dogs waited for a reward |
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C．the dogs hesitated to give the paw |
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D．the dogs stopped cooperating |
3.The monkeys would become angry if they found _____________________.
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A．they were being given the same type of food |
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B．another monkey did much less work |
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C．another monkey was offered tastier food |
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D．other monkeys threw food and rocks |
4. Range finds that, compared with monkeys, dogs __________________.
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A．enjoy playing interesting games with humans |
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B．prefer to do the same jobs as humans |
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C．pay little attention to the type of reward received |
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D．aren’t sensitive to the stimulation (刺激) of food |
About 45 percent of Americans don’t get enough sleep, according to a recent survey. However, the benefits of getting enough sleep far outweigh the thrill of watching TV for one more hour or surfing the web. Getting a better night’s sleep will help you lose or keep your weight more effectively. Try these simple steps to improve your quality of sleep.
Take time to relax
So many of us go-go-go until it’s time for bed, but it’s important to take time to slow down and relax before sleeping. Do relaxing things, such as listening to soothing (抚慰的) music or deep breathing. Avoid stimulating (刺激的) activities such as writing e-mails, talking on the phone and watching TV. Some guidelines (指导方针): no e-mail after 8 p.m. and no TV or phone calls after 9 p.m..
Darker is better
Your body regulates your sleep cycle in response to the presence and absence of light, so dim the lights as evening approaches. Try getting ready for bed by candlelight. When you’re ready to sleep, make sure your room is as dark as possible.
Put your thoughts to bed
We all need time to process our day, but bed is not the place to do it if you want to sleep well. Take 10 to 15 minutes to record your thoughts in a journal. This effective technique will capture what’s in your mind so you don’t lie awake. Tell yourself you’re putting your thoughts to bed so that you can go to bed.
No sugar or alcohol before bed
These may wake you up. If you need a snack before bed, make it protein.
Try to get more sleep
Get an extra hour or two of sleep every night for a week and see how you feel. You’ll notice the difference!
1.The purpose of writing this text is to ________________________.
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A．share some ways to slow down and relax before sleeping |
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B．guide readers to improve their quality of sleep |
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C．tell readers the importance of getting a good night’s sleep |
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D．publish the results of a recent survey on quality of sleep |
2.According to the text, we know that __________________________.
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A．we should keep our bedrooms in strong light before going to bed |
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B．writing a diary may excite us and influence our sleep |
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C．we should never get up later on weekends than we do on weekdays |
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D．candlelight is a good choice for our bedrooms when we’re getting ready to sleep |
3. We should take time to slow down because it can _________________________.
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A．inform us of the importance of sleeping |
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B．signal to our body it’s time to sleep |
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C．tell us to stop watching TV for making phone calls |
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D．tell us not to do stimulating activities |
It is not clear who first fried potatoes in hot oil. However, it is widely agreed that French fries(炸薯条) were prepared as early as the 1700s in Europe. Most people believe that it was the Belgians (比利时人), instead of the French, who invented “French”fries. They think that French fries got this name from the cooking word “to french” --- to cut green beans into long thin strips (条).
When Thomas Jefferson traveled to France, he enjoyed the deep-fried potatoes very much and brought them home with him. Ever since he served French fries to his guests at a Whitehouse dinner in 1802, the dish has become very popular in America.
In the summer of 1853, an American Indian called George Crum worked as a cook at Moon Lake Lodge, a hotel in Saratoga Springs, New York. He was good at making French fries. One evening, a dinner guest found Crum’s French fries too thick and sent them back to the kitchen. Crum then cut and fried some thinner French fries, but these, too, were met with disapproval. This time, the cook got angry. So he decided to play a trick on the guest. He finally made fries that were too thin to eat with a fork. To his surprise, the guest loved the browned, paper-thin chips. The browned chips, then called Saratoga Chips, became one of the most popular dishes of the hotel. Soon they were being sold, first in local restaurants, then throughout New England.
1.The French fries were believed to be introduced to America in _________________________.
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A．the early 1700s |
B．the early1800s |
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C．the early 1900s |
D．the summer of 1853 |
2.By saying “these, too, were met with disapproval” in Paragraph 3, the author means that __________________.
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A．the guest still didn’t like the dish |
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B．the French fries were thin enough |
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C．the cook prepared the chips carefully |
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D．the cook had met the guest’s need |
3.How were Saratoga Chips invented?
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A．They were introduced by Thomas Jefferson. |
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B．A guest told a cook how to make the chips. |
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C．A cook made them only to play a trick on a guest. |
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D．A cook invented them in order to attract more guests. |
4.Which of the following would be the best title for the text?
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A．America’s Favorite Food |
B．Who Invented Saratoga Chips? |
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C．George Crum --- a Clever Cook |
D．The History of French Fries |
One Christmas Eve, my husband made his way home from work. 36 , he worked the entire day but let his stuff go 37 so that they could be with their families.
He drove down the street and made the 38 towards our home. On one side of the road, an old man stood, drenched to the bone (被雨淋得湿透了), with his hand 39 . The rain had been 40 heavily that day. My husband stopped, and asked him where he was 41 . He wanted to go about five miles past our home, but my husband still told him to 42 . My husband chatted with him, drove 43 our house and took him home for his Christmas Eve. 44 turned out that this poor man was what we now 45 as a “slow learner” and the only job he could get to 46 him and his elderly mother was at the bakery near where my husband worked. He worked from 5 a.m. until 1 o’clock in the 47 . Not only that, but that poor man had been standing there trying to get a ride on Christmas Eve for about 5 hours 48 my husband picked him up. 49 else would give him a ride because they didn’t want to get their seats 50 .
Over the years my husband 51 to give him a ride home whenever he saw him trying to get a ride. When he passed 52 , my husband went to his funeral. 53 my husband didn’t know his family, they knew of him. Even his twin sister who 54 in the state of Washington knew who my husband was and everyone thanked him for his 55 toward one who had so little.
An act of kindness can make another person’s day, or even their life.
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What he said just now ___________ me of that American professor.
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A．mentioned |
B．informed |
C．memorized |
D．reminded |
Rather than ________ abroad with her parents, she preferred __________ volunteer work during the holiday.
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A．to travel; to do |
B．travelling; doing |
C．travel; to do |
D．to travel; doing |
