Decision-making can be extremely difficult. Decision-making styles are significantly different in different cultures.
In any approach to a problem and in any negotiations, the Western world turns to the“I to you” approach while Japan，the “you to you” approach. The former means both sides present their arguments openly from their own point of view. Naturally, often comes a confrontation(冲突) situation, which Westerners are very skillful in dealing with. The latter is based on each side trying to understand the other person’s point of view. Thus, the direction of the meeting is a mutual(相互的) attempt to reduce confrontation and achieve harmony.
Besides, Western decision-making goes mostly from top management(管理人员) and often does not consult middle management or the worker. However, in Japan great consideration is given to the thoughts and opinions of everyone at all levels. Based on “bottom-up direction”, ideas can be created at the lowest levels, travel upward through an organization and have an effect on the final decision.
Difference in decision-making also comes from different communication styles. The Japanese business person works to achieve harmony, even if the deal falls through, and will spend whatever time is necessary to determine a “you to you” approach, communicating personal views only indirectly. They put a thorough job above the Western deadline approach. So the Japanese are thorough in their meetings. Thus Americans are often annoyed by the many meetings in many Japanese businesses. But where the American is pressing for a specific decision, the Japanese is trying to think up a rather broad direction.
On the other hand, once a given agreement is made, it is the Japanese who sometimes wonder at the slow pace in which Westerners carry out the decision. The Japanese are eager to move forward and Westerners, perhaps, lag(落后) behind as they take the time for in-depth planning.
1. The text mainly tells us that Japan and the Western world .
A. face great difficulty in making decisions
B. are different in decision-making styles
C. have all members contribute to a decision
D. have two approaches: “I to you” and “you to I”
2.Which of the following is TRUE of the Westerners?
A. They carry out the decision once it is made.
B. There are many meetings in their businesses.
C. They work to achieve harmony in doing business.
D. They are good at handling confrontation situation.
3.The author’s attitude towards Japanese decision-making is .
A. positive B. critical C. negative D. casual(无所谓的）
完形填空（共20小题；每小题1．5分，满分30分）
阅读下面短文，从短文后各题所给的四个选项（A、B、C和D）选出可以填入空白的最佳选项，并在答题卡上将该项涂黑。
When I was fifteen, I announced to my English class that I was going to write my own books. Half the students smiled unkindly, 36 nearly fell out of their chairs laughing. “Don’t be 37 , only geniuses can become writers,” the English teacher said, “And you are getting a D this term.” I was so ashamed I burst into 38 . That night I wrote a short sad poem about broken dreams and mailed it to the newspaper. To my 39 , they published it and sent me two dollars. I was a published and paid writer. I showed my teacher and fellow students. They laughed, “Just plain dumb luck,” the teacher said. I 40 success. I’d sold the first thing I’d 41 written. That was more than any of them had done and if it was just dumb luck that was fine with me.
During the next two years I sold dozens of poems and letters. By the time I graduated from high school, I had scrapbooks (剪贴簿) 42 my published works. I never 43 my writing to my teachers, friends or my family 44 because they were dream killers.
I had four children at the time. 45 the children slept, I typed on my ancient typewriter. I wrote what I felt. It took nine months. I chose a 46 and mailed it. A month later I received a contract, an advance on payments, and a request to start 47 another book. Crying Wind, became a best seller, was translated into fifteen languages and sold worldwide. My first book also became 48 reading in native American schools in Canada.
The 49 year I ever had as a writer I earned two dollars. In my best year I earned 36,000 dollars. People ask what college I 50 , what degrees I had and what qualifications I have to be a writer. The answer is: “None.” I just write. I’m not a genius. I use an electric typewriter that I paid a hundred and twenty nine dollars 51 six years ago. I do all the housework and 52 my writing in a few minutes here and there. I’ve written eight books. To all those who dream of writing, I’m shouting at you: “Yes, you can. Don’t listen to them.” I don’t write right 53 I’ve succeeded. Writing is 54 , it’s fun and anyone can do it. 55 , a little dumb luck doesn’t hurt.
1.A. other B. others C. the other D. the rest
2. A. silly B. curious C. excited D. depressed
3. A. laughter B. tears C. song D. cheers
4. A. puzzlement B. disappointment C. expectation D. astonishment
5. A. tasted B. met C. accepted D. considered
6. A. yet B. never C. even D. ever
7. A. crowded with B. filled with C. combined with D. linked with
8. A. remembered B. concluded C. mentioned D. described
9. A. again B. instead C. still D. merely
10. A. Though B. Before C. Until D. While
11.A. writer B. reporter C. publisher D. manager
12.A. working on B. going on C. turning on D. putting on
13. A. requested B. required C. demanded D. reminded
14.A. busiest B. worse C. worst D. highest
15.A. attended B. took C. admitted D. participated
16. A. out B. to C. by D. for
17.A. keep B. fit C. save D. hold
18. A. or B. so C. and D. but
19.A. easy B. hard C. convenient D. practical
20.A. On the contrary B. Of course C. As a result D. In this way
30. ---Why did you drop the chance of earning big money?
--- _________. You know, I don't want to get rich by taking risks.
A. All is well that ends well. B. One man's meat is another's poison
C. Better safe than sorry D. No sweet without sweat
30. ---What do you think made the girl so glad?
--- __________ a beautiful necklace.
A. As she was sent B. Being sent C. Sent D. To be sent
30. Turning around, he found her eyes _________ upon his face with an eager expression.
A. fixing B. to fix C. fixed D. were fixing
30. It is strongly suggested that measures ________ students to cheat in the exams.
A. be taken to prevent B. be taken to forbid
C. are taken to prevent D. are taken to forbid
