PART FOUR WRITING
SECTION A
Directions: Read the following passage. Complete the diagram by using the information from the passage.
Write NO MORE THAN THREE WORDS for each answer.
One of the definitions of a symbol is that it is "something that stands for something else. " We can divide symbols into three kinds: the conventional, the accidental, and the universal symbol.
The conventional symbol is the best known in everyday language., The letters t-a-b-1-e stand for the thing "table" we see, touch, and use. But there is no inherent (内在的) relationship between the meaning and its letters or sound. The only reason the word symbolizes the thing is the convention of calling this particular thing by a name. After being repeated over and over, the word is accepted in the language.
Besides words, pictures also act as symbols. A flag, for instance, may stand for a specific country, and yet there is no inherent connection between the specific colors and the country for which they stand. It has been accepted after repeated uses.
The opposite to the conventional symbol is the accidental symbol. Supposing that someone has had a saddening experience in a city, he will easily connect the name with a mood of sadness when hearing its name, just as he would connect it with a mood of joy had his experience been a happy one. Obviously, there is nothing in the nature of the city that is either sad or joyful. It is the individual experience connected with the city that makes it a symbol of a mood. The connection between the symbol and the experience symbolized is entirely accidental.
The universal symbol is one in which there is an inherent relationship between the symbol and the symbolized. Take, for instance, the symbol of fire. Fire gives us the impression of power, of energy, and of lightness. When we use fire as a symbol, we describe the inner experience characterized by the same elements the mood of energy, lightness, movement, etc.
The universal symbol is the only one in which the relationship between the symbol and that which is symbolized is not coincidental (巧合的), but inherent. It can be called universal because it is shared by all men, in contrast not only to the accidental symbol, which is entirely personal, but also to the conventional symbol, which is shared by the people of the same convention.
Title. 71
|
major points
72 |
74 |
Connections between Symbols and the Symbolized |
79 |
|
|
Conventional Symbols |
t-a-b-l-e ↓ the thing "table" |
a flag ↓ 75 |
77 |
people of the same convention |
|
Accidental Symbols |
76 ↓ joy or sadness |
78 |
individual |
|
|
73 |
Fire ↓ power, energy, lightness |
inherent connection |
80 |
|
Fear can be a wonderful feeling in our lives, protecting us from dangerous situations and keeping us safe. But fear can also limit our lives significantly. While it may not be conscious, fear may make us think we are unacceptable or that what we have to offer isn’t valuable. Fear may make us feel that we are not safe being ourselves.
To avoid feeling fear, we may limit our lives greatly, living in tiny boxes. Living this way gives us the illusion(假象) of safety but leaves us with an unfulfilling life of no passion. If we shine a light on many of our fears, we see they have a very limited view of what is “safe” and how to “protect” us. Many of our fears are concerned only with protecting us from humiliation(羞辱) and failure. While these fears are doing their jobs incredibly well, they are doing so with faulty and outdated programming. Many fears we have as adults are trying to protect us as they protected us when we were children. Indeed, many of our current, automatic reactions to fear were actually formed when we were children.
Even so, it’s important not to judge ourselves for feeling these types of fears. If we judge ourselves, we will bury our fears or disguise them. By denying our fears, however, we also deny our energy, creativity and passion.
So what do we do with fear? We recognize the fear for what it is--- a feeling we’ve experienced many times in the past and a feeling we will experience many times in the future. We become very familiar with our own particular brand of fears and how we allow them to control our lives. It is especially beneficial for each of us to become aware of the particular behavior patterns we’ve adopted when we feel fear, so we can look at our reactions with a sense of humor and compassion. Then, if we wish, we can choose a different response, which can be a scary yet very exciting experience.
66. According to the first paragraph, fear sometimes .
A. protect us when we’ve made mistakes B. makes sure our feelings are not hurt
C. brings great change to our everyday life D. makes us lose confidence in ourselves
67. It can be inferred from the passage that the author .
A. thinks it difficult to control our fear B. believes fears protect us negatively
C. thinks it’s good to criticize ourselves D. values the advantages of feeling fear
68. According to the author, the ways we react to fear .
A. vary from person to person B. have been formed since childhood
C. develop during our growth D. will not change until we get old
69.The last paragraph mainly tells us .
A. what is the essence of fears B. usual reactions we have when feeling fear
C. how to deal with fears reasonably D. the importance of humor and compassion
70.What would be the best title for the passage?
A. Is fear managing your life? B. Be calm when feeling fear
C. What do you fear most? D. Passion, chance and fear
In Japan many workers who work in large corporations have a guarantee of lifetime employment. During their employment, they will not be laid off during recessions(经济萧条) or when the tasks they perform are taken over by robots. To some observers, this is what they call capitalism at its best, because workers are treated as people not things. Others see it as necessarily inefficient and they also believe it cannot continue if Japan is to remain competitive with foreign corporations by being more concerned about profits and less concerned about people.
Defenders of the system argue that those who call it inefficient do not understand how it really works. In the first place not every Japanese worker has the guarantee of a lifetime job. The lifetime employment system includes only “regular employees”. Many employees are not included in this category, including all women. All businesses have many part-time and temporary employees. These workers are hired and laid off during the course of the business cycle just as employees in the United States are. These “irregular workers” make up about 10 percent of the non-agricultural work force. Additionally, Japanese firms keep some flexibility through the large-scale use of subcontractors（转承包者）. This practice is much more common in Japan than in the United States.
The use of both subcontractors and temporary workers has increased remarkably in Japan since the 1974-1975 recessions. All this leads some people to argue that the Japanese system is not all that different from the American system. During recessions Japanese corporations lay off temporary workers and give less business to subcontractors. In the United States, corporations lay off those workers with the least seniority(资历). The difference then is probably less than the term “lifetime employment” suggests, but there still is a difference. And this difference cannot be understood without looking at the values of Japanese society. The relationship between employer and employee cannot be explained in purely contractual(合同的) terms. Firms hold on to the employees and employees stay with one firm. There are also practical reasons for not jumping from job to job. Most retirement benefits come from the employer. Changing jobs means losing these benefits. Also, teamwork is an essential part of Japanese production. Moving to a new firm means adapting to a different team and at least temporarily, possessing lower productivity and lower pay.
61.It is stated in the second paragraph that ____.
A. defenders themselves do not appreciate the system
B. about 90% of “irregular workers” are employed in agriculture
C. the business cycle occurs more often in Japan and in the U.S.
D. not all employees can benefit from the policy
62. During recessions those who are to be fired first in the U.S. corporations are ____.
A. regular employees B. part-time workers
C. junior employees D. temporary workers
63. According to the passage, Japanese firms are remarkably different from American firms in that the former ____.
A. use subcontractors in larger amount
B. are less flexible in terms of lifetime employment
C. hold on to the values of society
D. are more efficient in competition than the latter
64. Which of the following does NOT account for the fact that a Japanese worker is unwilling to change his job?
A. He will probably be low-paid.
B. He will not be able to possess some job benefits.
C. He has got used to the teamwork.
D. He will be looked down upon by his prospective employer.
65. Which of the following can be the best title for this passage?
A. The guarantee of employment in Japan
B. The consequence of the Japanese system
C. The advantages of lifetime employment in Japan
D. The expectations of capitalism
NEW YORK---One in five U.S. workers regularly attends after-work drinks with coworkers, where the most common mishaps range from badmouthing another worker to drinking too much, according to a study released on Tuesday.
Most workers attend so-called happy hours to bond with colleagues, although 15 percent go to hear the latest office gossip and 13 percent go because they feel necessary, said the survey conducted for CareerBuilder. com, an online job site. As to what happens when the after-work drinks flow, 16 percent reported bad-mouthing a colleague, 10 percent shared a secret about a colleague and 8 percent said they drank too much and acted unprofessionally. Five percent said they had shared a secret about the company, and 4 percent confessed to singing karaoke. While 21 percent of those who attended said happy hours were good for networking, 85 percent said attending had not helped them get closer to someone higher up or get a better position. An equal number of men and women said they attended happy hours with co-workers, with younger workers aged 25 to 34 most likely and workers over 55 least likely to attend. Overall, 21 percent of workers attend happy hours with co-workers and; of those nearly a quarter go at least once a month.
The survey was conducted online by Harris Interactive on behalf of CareerBuilder. com among 6,987 full-time employees between February 11 and March 13. Harris Interactive said the results had a sampling error of plus or minus 1.2 percentage points.
56. Harris Interactive made the survey to find out .
A. how U.S. workers spend their after-work time
B. what U.S. workers do at after-work drinks
C. the relationships between U.S. workers
D. who are most likely to attend after-work drinks
57. of workers who attend after-work drinks speak ill of a colleague.
A. 4 percent B. 8 percent C. 16 percent D. 10 percent
58. According to the passage, most of those surveyed believed attending after-work drinks .
A.benefited them a lot B. could provide information
C.only made them relaxed D. was of no help to them
59. We can learn from the text that .
A. workers over 55 don’t like to attend happy hours at all
B. about 75% of workers go more than once a month
C. 10.5% of male workers attend happy hours with co-workers
D. about 700 workers surveyed shared a secret about a co-worker
60. After the survey, it can be inferred that .
A. all the workers oppose after-work drinks
B. the workers may change their attitudes towards after-work drinks
C. all the workers support after-work drinks
D. all the workers are suggested going to attend after-work drinks
SECTION C
Directions: Complete the following passage by filling in each blank with ONE word that best fits the context.
The Internet has become part of young people’s life. A 48._________ shows that 38% of the students often use the Internet. Most of them get 49.________ information on the Internet and use the Internet to help in their studies. 50.___________ many students don’t use it 51._________ a good way. Some play computer games too much; some visit websites they shouldn’t look at. Bad things may happen 52.________ students spend too much time on the Internet.
53._____ is important for students to use the Internet properly. Now we have a textbook, 54._________ uses many examples to teach students some good ways to use the Internet. It gives useful advice.
Some students also make friends on the Internet. But if you want to have a face-to-face meeting with your online friends, let your parents know and 55.________ at a proper place.
SECTION B
Directions: For each blank in the following passage there are four words or phrases marked A, B, C and D. Fill in each blank with word or phrases that best fits the context.
Soon it would be the holidays. But before that, there were the end of year exams. All the students had been working 36 for some time. If they didn’t pass, they would have to 37 the exams in September. There were usually a few who failed, but Kate decided not to be one of them. She had worked hard all day, but just before the exams she was working so hard that her sister was 38 about her. She was staying up too late. The night before the first exam, Barbala 39 that she should have an early night and take a sleeping pill. She 40 to wake her up in the morning.
As she was falling asleep, Kate was worried that she might oversleep. Her mind kept jumping from subject to subject. At last, with the help of the 41 , she fell asleep. In no time at all, she was sitting in the examination hall, looking at the paper. She couldn’t answer any of the questions. Everyone round her was writing pages and pages. However hard she thought, she couldn’t find 42 to write about. She kept looking at her watch. 43 was running out. There was only one hour left. She started one question, wrote two sentences, 44 and tried another one. With only half an hour left, she wrote another two sentences. By this time she was so 45 that she started 46 . Her whole body shook. It shook so much that it woke her up. She was still 47 and it had all been a(n) terrible dream. A minute later, Barbala called her name.
36. A. lazily B. hard C. legally D. smoothly
37. A. give up B. pass C. quit D. retake
38. A. worried B. satisfied C. enjoyed D. afraid
39. A. argued B. insisted C. claimed D. thought
40. A. refused B. opposed C. promised D. hoped
41. A. herself B. her sister C. tiredness D. pill
42. A. anything B. nothing C. something D. everything
43. A. Money B. Food C. Time D. Water
44. A. looked up B. gave up C. put up D. made up
45. A. happy B. excited C. surprised D. upset
46. A. moving B. laughing C. crying D. singing
47. A. in bed B. in the hall C. in school D. in the classroom
