The “Bystander Apathy Effect” was first studied by researchers in New York after neighbours ignored --- and in some cases turned up the volume on their TVs --- the cries of a woman as she was murdered (over a half-hour period). With regard to helping those in difficulty generally, they found that:
women are helped more than men;
men help more than women;
attractive women are helped more than unattractive women.
Other factors relate to the number of people in the area, whether the person is thought to be in trouble through their own fault, and whether a person sees himself as being able to help.
According to Adrian Furnham, Professor of University College, London, there are three reasons why we tend to stand by doing nothing:
“Shifting of responsibility” --- the more people there are, the less likely help is to be given. Each person excuses himself by thinking someone else will help, so that the more “other people” there are, the greater the total shifting of responsibility.
“Fear of making a mistake” --- situations are often not clear. People think that those involved in an incident may know each other or it may be a joke, so a fear of embarrassment makes them keep themselves to themselves.
“Fear of the consequences if attention is turned on you, and the person is violent.”
Laurie Taylor, Professor of Sociology at London University, says: “In the experiments I’ve seen on intervention（介入）, much depends on the neighborhood or setting. There is a silence on public transport which is hard to break. We are embarrassed to draw attention to something that is happening, while in a football match, people get involved , and a fight would easily follow.”
Psychotherapist Alan Dupuy identifies the importance of the individual: “the British as a whole have some difficulty intervention, but there are exceptional individuals in every group who are prepared to intervene, regardless of their own safety. These would be people with a strong moral code or religious ideals.”
60. Which of the following statements is true according to the passage?
A. Pretty women are more likely to be helped.
B. People on a bus are more likely to stop a crime.
C. Religious people are more likely to look on.
D. Criminals are more likely to harm women.
61. Which factor is NOT related with intervention according to the passage?
A. Sex. B. Nationality. C. Profession. D. Setting.
62. Which phenomenon can be described as the “Bystander Apathy Effect”?
A. A man is more likely to help than a woman.
B. In a football match, people get involved in a fight.
C. Seeing a murder, people feel sorry that it should have happened.
D. On hearing a cry for help, people keep themselves to themselves.
63. The author wrote this article _______.
A. to explain why bystanders behave as they do
B. to urge people to stand out when in need
C. to criticize the selfishness of bystanders
D. to analyze the weakness of human nature
第三部分：阅读理解（共20小题，每小题2分，满分40分）
阅读下列短文，从每题所给的A、B、C、D四个选项中，选出最佳选项，并在答题卡上将该项涂黑。
My teenage son Karl became withdrawn after his father died. As a single parent, I tried to do my best to talk to him. But the more I tried, the more he pulled away. When his report card arrived during his junior year, it said that he had been absent 95 times from classes and had six falling grades for the year. At this rate he would never graduate. I sent him to the school adviser, and I even begged him. Nothing worked.
One night I felt so powerless that I got down on my knees and pleaded for help. “Please God, I can’t do anything more for my son. I’m at the end of my rope. I’m giving the whole thing up to you.”
I was at work when I got a phone call. A man introduced himself as the headmaster. “I want to talk to you about Karl’s absences.” Before he could say another word, I choked up and all my disappointment and sadness over Karl came pouring out into the ears of this stranger. “I love my son but I just don’t know what to do. I’ve tried everything to get Karl to go back to school and nothing has worked. It’s out of my hands. “For a moment there was silence on the other end of the line. The headmaster seriously said, “Thank you for your time”, and hung up.
Karl’s next report card showed a marked improvement in his grades. Finally, he even made the honor roll. In his fourth year, I attended a parent-teacher meeting with Karl. I noticed that his teachers were astonished at the way he had turned himself around. On our way home, he said, “Mum, remember that call from the headmaster last year?” I nodded. “That was me. I thought I’d play a joke but when I heard what you said, it really hit me how much I was hurting you. That’s when I knew I had to make you proud.”
56. By saying “Karl became withdrawn”, the author means that the boy changed entirely and ________.
A. preferred to stay alone at home B. lost interest in his studies
C. refused to talk to others D. began to dislike his mother
57. There was silence on the other end of the line because ________ .
A. the speaker was too moved to say anything to the mother
B. the speaker waited for the mother to finish speaking
C. the speaker didn’t want the mother to recognize his voice
D. the speaker was unable to interrupt the mother
58. The underlined sentence “…he even made the honor roll” means that “________ ”.
A. he was even on the list to be praised at the parent-teacher meeting
B. he was even on the list of students who made progress in grades
C. he was even on the list of students who had turned themselves around
D. he was even on the list of the best students at school
59. What is the main idea of this passage?
A. Children in single-parent families often have mental problems.
B. Mother’s love plays an important role in teenagers’ life.
C. Being understood by parents is very important to teenagers.
D. School education doesn’t work without full support from parents.
第二节：完形填空 (共20小题；每小题1.5分，满分30分)
阅读下面短文，掌握其大意，然后从36—55各题所给的A、B、C、D四个选项中，选出最佳选项，并在答题卡上将该项涂黑
As a saying goes, every bean has its black. It is impossible to make no mistakes all one’s life. My grandpa Nybakken, a carpenter, is no 36 . Several decades ago, he made a mistake — a(n) 37 mistake, though.
On a cold Saturday, Grandpa was building some wooden cases for the clothes his 38 was sending to an orphanage (孤儿院) in Congo. On his way home, he 39 into his shirt pocket to find his glasses, but they were gone. So he drove back to the church. His search proved 40 . When he 41 replayed his earlier actions, he realized what happened. The glasses had slipped out of his pocket unnoticed and fallen into one of the cases. His brand new glasses, having 42 him ＄20 that very morning, were heading for Congo! He had to drive home 43 .
Several months later, the director of the orphanage came to give a report on Sunday night at my grandfather’s church, 44 Grandpa and his family also attended.
“But most of all,” he said, “I must thank you for the 45 you sent last year. You see, the bandits(土匪) had just swept through the orphanage, destroying everything, including my glasses. I was desperate.”
“ 46 I had the money, there was simply no way of 47 those glasses. 48 not being able to see well, I experienced headaches every day. Then your cases arrived. When my staff 49 the covers, they found a pair of glasses lying on top.”
Then, still gripped (吸引注意) with the 50 , he continued: “Folks, when I tried 51 the glasses, it was as thought they had been custom-made just for me! I want to thank you for being a part of that!”
The people listened, 52 for the miraculous glasses. But the director surely must have 53 their church with another, they thought. There were no glasses on their 54 of items to be sent overseas. But an ordinary carpenter was sitting 55 in the back, with tears streaming down his face.
36. A. expectation B. success C. luck D. exception
37. A. perfect B. foolish C. avoidable D. common
38. A. factory B. church C. family D. country
39. A. turned B. reached C. filled D. put
40. A. proper B. reasonable C. fruitless D. unnecessary
41. A. mentally B. physically C. anxiously D. directly
42. A. charged B. spent C. paid D. cost
43. A. disappointed B. pleased C. nonstop D. quick
44. A. which B. what C. where D. when
45. A. cases B. clothes C. glasses D. wishes
46. A. Unless B. As long as C. Until D. Even though
47. A. replacing B. finding C. wearing D. changing
48. A. Except B. Along with C. Rather than D. As for
49. A. opened B. burnt C. removed D. took
50. A. preparation B. pleasure C. satisfaction D. wonder
51. A. out B. over C. for D. on
52. A. pity B. happy C. curious D. eager
53. A. confused B. associated C. combined D. compared
54. A. cases B. order C. list D. orphanage
55. A. happily B. quietly C. sadly D. excitedly
---Why are they taking all the equipment away?
---- The job ________, they are packing up to leave.
A. having done B. being done C. to be done D. done
--- What about Mr. Brown’s lecture?
---- I understood most of what he said, but not ________ word.
A. any B. each C. every D. one
It was announced that only when the fire was under control ________ to return to their homes.
A. the residents would be permitted B. had the residents been permitted
C. would the residents be permitted D. the residents had been permitted
