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Dogs have an understanding of fair play ...

Dogs have an understanding of fair play and become angry if they feel that another dog is getting a better deal, a new study has found.

The study looked at how dogs react when a companion is rewarded for the same trick in an unequal way. Friederike Range, a researcher at the University of Vienna in Austria, and her colleagues did a series of experiments with dogs who knew how to respond to the command “give the paw “. The dogs were normally happy to repeatedly give the paw, whether they got a reward or not. But that changed if they saw that another dog was being rewarded with a piece of food, while they received nothing.

“We found that the dogs hesitated significantly longer when obeying the command to give the paw,” the researchers write. The unrewarded dogs eventually stopped cooperating.

Scientists have long known that humans pay close attention to inequity. But researchers always assumed that animals didn’t share the trait. “The argument was that this is a uniquely human phenomenon,” says Frans de Waal, a professor of psychology at Emory University in Atlanta.

That changed in 2003 when he and a colleague did a study on monkeys. The monkeys had to hand a small rock to researchers to get a piece of cucumber in return. They were happy to do this. But if they saw that another monkey was getting a more delicious reward, a grape, for doing the same job, they would throw away the food and rock, and at some point just stopped performing.

In that experiment, the monkeys considered the fairness of two different types of payment. But when Range and her colleagues did a similar study with their trained dogs, testing to see if dogs would become upset if they only got dark bread when other dogs received sausage, they found that as long as the dogs got some kind of food payment, even if it wasn’t the most delicious kind, the animals would play along.

1.How did the dogs in Range’s study react to the order of “giving the paw”?

A.They took the order even without being rewarded.

B.They took the order only when rewarded.

C.They turned a deaf ear to repeated orders.

D.They hesitated longer when given repeated orders.

2. The research by Frans De Waal in 2003 ___________.

A.originated from Range’s research on dogs.

B.showed that animals do pay attention to inequity.

C.began the argument that only humans are aware of inequity.

D.was conducted to find out how monkeys reacted to humans’ orders.

3. Some monkeys in the research become angry because they found another monkey _______.

A.was given less work.

B.was given more food.

C.was given the same type of food.

D.was given more delicious food.

4. Range found that, compared with monkeys, dogs ____________.

A.care more about whether they are rewarded.

B.care less about what they are rewarded with.

C.care more about what they are ordered to do.

D.care less about who gives them orders.

5. What is the main idea of the passage?

A.Animals have various ways to show their anger.

B.Dogs are less intelligent than monkeys.

C.Dogs have a sense of fairness.

D.Most animals want to be rewarded equally.

 

1.A 2.B 3.D 4.B 5.C 【解析】略
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February 28th, 2009 2:54 am GMT

I have to say that am shocked at just how bad the new music is. This cannot be the same band that produced great albums such as HTDAAB and ATYCLB! This is awful! They either do not care anymore, or have completely lost it. I never thought U2 would become irrelevant, but they have officially become one of those bands that you will now say, “Remember when they were great?”

----- Posted by Ronald Harris

February 28th, 2009 8:29 pm GMT

Total drivel, Mr Harris. The new album is great, far better than the safe, cynical HTDAAB and ATYCLB. U2 have become inventive again, like they were in the 1990s. thank goodness!

----- Posted by Dan

March 3rd, 2009 12:09 pm GMT

Agree, Dan. The new album is the best since Actung Baby. Magnificent is an anthem in the waiting, Breathe is unbelievable, and Stand Up Comedy is absolutely outstanding----- to name just three! Loving the new sound, pure class as usual.

----- Posted by Martin

March 4th, 2009 7:43 pm GMT

Totally agree with you guys. This album is unbelievable. Breathe is definitely a great song, same with Moment of Surrender. I bet their upcoming tour will be amazing. If you haven’t bought the CD yet, you should. I bought mine on Amozon.com for $3.99. I couldn’t believe it.

----- Posted by Josh Briggs

1.According to Ronald Harris, U2’s new album is _________.

A.pretty good

B.so bad

C.the same as before

D.completely fresh

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A.Martin’s

B.Dan’s

C.Josh Briggs’

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C.Breathe

D.Stand Up Comedy

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A.Most fans felt disappointed at the new album.

B.The new album is available on the Internet.

C.The people who made comments are fans of U2.

D.U2’s upcoming tour may be a great success.

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A.a concert poster

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In 2000 Holly fell  37  and the doctor said she may have been left   38   deaf. “She won’t be able to hear music in any shape or form,” said the doctor. It was a great   39  .

In 2001, her right ear was fitted with a cochlear implant --- electronic equipment that provides a sense of    40   for people who are completely deaf. Seven years later, another was fitted in her    41   ear. The doctors played us a model of what music would sound like to Holly --- I was horrified   42  it was just white noise.

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1.

A.as

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2.

A.asleep

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D.short

 

3.

A.partly

B.nearly

C.deeply

D.totally

 

4.

A.accident

B.disease

C.shock

D.surprise

 

5.

A.sound

B.noise

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6.

A.right

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7.

A.although

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8.

A.avoided

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9.

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10.

A.suffering

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C.working

D.improving

 

11.

A.entered

B.quitted

C.lost

D.visited

 

12.

A.asked

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A.considered

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14.

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A.when

B.how

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16.

A.states

B.positions

C.places

D.situations

 

17.

A.sense

B.choice

C.use

D.fun

 

18.

A.exactly

B.finally

C.simply

D.generally

 

19.

A.influenced

B.decided

C.remarked

D.introduced

 

20.

A.achieve

B.choose

C.take

D.expect

 

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