I keep hammering this because I keep seeing people who don’t do it.
1. Look up English to Elvish.
2. Look up the Elvish word in the best Elvish dictionary you have, and, preferably, find out the context（上下文） in Tolkien’s language dictionary.
3. Change the word to suit rules of grammar: singular or plural, mutations, verb tenses, etc.
You cannot leave out any of these steps. If you do, you’re almost certain to have errors. Why you have to do step 2:
Languages never match up one- to-one. English and Elvish are closer than usual, but there are still problems. And English has strange idioms: why are there no baths or beds in public bathrooms or restrooms? You can’t translate literally（逐字地）. You have to understand the meaning behind each word.
In Elvish this is even more true, since our dictionaries contain more or less questionable reconstructions, and words that Tolkien later threw away or replaced. Find the best one you can.
Consider the word “fair”. We tend to use it to mean “just”. Tolkien tends to use it to mean “beautiful”. In Elvish, these are two entirely different words. So when you look up “fair”, you’ll have to go to the Elvish dictionary to see that you’ve got the right one.
Consider the nightmare（噩梦） of He left the bar. Is “left” the opposite of “right” （which also has two meanings） ? Is “bar” extruded steel（型材钢）, or something to do with law? You have to know what words mean in both languages.
And you’d be amazed at how many people ignore step 3, forgetting that language is more than a string of words, and there are rules about how to fit those words together. You can’t simply look up the word “I” and use it everywhere. Sometimes you need “me” or “my”. There’s a reason it takes a while to learn a language: you have to learn the rules.
It drives me completely mad when people give a questionable translation they insist is right because “it’s in the dictionary”. A dictionary is a tool, a resource. but its entries（词目）should not be mistaken for a finished product. They are raw materials.
1.The underlined word “this” in paragraph 1 refers to .
A. consulting the dictionaries when translating between languages
B. finding out the true meaning in context
C. ignoring the rules of grammar
D. leaving out some of the three steps the author mentions
2. According to the author, you have to do step 2 because .
A. you have to understand the meaning behind each word
B. Elvish and English are quite different in forms
C. there are no baths or beds in public bathrooms
D. Elvish has some words which are hard to find
3.Grammar is also very important because it .
A. helps fit the words together
B. takes a while to learn a language
C. is a rule to obey
D. is often forgotten in translating
4.In the last paragraph, the author shows .
A. his impatience to those who insist their wrong translation is right
B. his puzzle to the questionable translation
C. the importance of the correct use of dictionaries
D. the mistaken entries in the dictionaries
5. The passage is mainly about how to .
A. learn a foreign language with a dictionary
B. avoid errors when looking up a dictionary
C. understand the meaning of a strange word
D. use a dictionary to translate between languages
Have you ever heard a news reporter talk about DNA? Reporters talk about DNA found at the scene of a crime. They talk about police finding DNA “fingerprints.” Police sometimes use DNA as a clue to find out who committed the crime.
DNA is a substance（物质） that makes up genes. Everything alive has genes. Plans have genes. Animals have genes. You have genes.
Genes are the basic units of heredity（遗传）. Heredity means all the characteristics you inherit from your parents. You get your genes from your parents. You inherit half of your genes from your mother. You inherit half of your genes from your father.
Genes are a kind of code. A tree’s genes tell what shape its leaves will be. A cat’s genes tell what color its fur will be. Your genes tell what color your eyes will be. Your genes tell what color your hair will be. Everything about you comes from the code in your genes.
Genes line up on strands（链） called chromosomes（染色体） in cells. Everything alive is made up of cells. Chromosomes are in the center, or nucleus, of cells.
Different parts of you are made of different kinds of cells. Your muscles are made of muscle celIs. Your skin is made of skin cells. The code in your genes tells your body to make different kinds of cells. The genes in each cell tell the cell how to work. They tell the cell when to make new copies of itself.
An Austrian monk named Gregor Mendel first saw inherited patterns in pea plants. He experimented with pea plants in the 1860s. One of the things, or traits（特质）， Mendel studied was what makes some pea plants tall and some short. He said that the traits must come from units of heredity passed from the parent plants. These units were later called genes.
In the mid-1900s, scientists discovered that genes are made of DNA. In the 1970s, scientists learned how to change DNA with genetic engineering. Scientists also learned that problems with certain genes cause diseases. Muscular dystrophy, cystic fibrosis, and hemophilia are some genetic diseases-diseases caused by problems in genes. Today, scientists are looking for ways to cure genetic diseases by changing genes through a process called gene therapy.
1. What is DNA?
A. DNA is a kind of gene.
B.. DNA is a substance that makes up genes.
C. DNA is the basic unit of heredity.
D. DNA is a measure to protect crime.
2. Which of the following about genes is correct according to the passage?
A. Plants, animals and human beings have the same genes.
B. Half people inherit all genes from their mother, others from their father.
C. Genes decide the trees shapes, the cats’ fur color and our eyes’ color as well.
D. Genes will give you a code when you need them.
3.Where are genes?
A. Genes lining up on strands called chromosomes are in the center of cells.
B. Genes hide in everything alive in your body.
C. Genes can be nowhere but in your mind, controlling all your actions.
D. Genes travel in your body and help cope skin, muscle, and eyes.
4.An Austrian monk named Gregor Mendel .
A. first saw inherited patterns in people
B. was interested in why plants were different
C. first called the units of heredity from parents genes
D. was the first who discovered genes
5. We can conclude that .
A. scientists were less intelligent than monks in 1900s
B. some genes are bad and can cause diseases
C. we don’t need to worry about genetic diseases any longer
D. the discovery of genes may be of great help in our daily life
The Crowne Plaza Copenhagen Towers has been named the greenest one in the world by the travel and tourist organization Skaal International, reported the Danish news agency Ritzau on Monday.
The hotel has been awarded the EcoTourism Award for setting an environmental-friendly example to other hotels, said the report.
The Crowne Plaza Copenhagen Towers is located in the Copenhagen suburb of Oerestad and has the largest solar cell facility in the Nordic. This facility delivers energy to the hotel while Danish groundwater supplies cooling and heating in the air condition of the hotel.
The Crowne Plaza Copenhagen Towers
TV and lights in the hotel are all of energy-saving brands. Shampoo bottles, toothbrushes and washing accessories are biologically degradable, which means that the nature can easily absorb the materials.
The hotel restaurant is only buying local goods and the food leftovers are used for bioenergy as well as fertilizer. The fitness facilities also provide a green touch to the hotel, as the training bikes of the fitness center are linked to the power grid（电网） of the hotel, thereby providing free energy if any guest wishes to exercise. People who do contribute free energy this way are supposedly getting a free meal in the hotel restaurant. “It is the first time that a Danish hotel receives this award. I think our throughout green thinking is the reason why we have been awarded. It is all the small details, as well as the big picture，” says Allan Agerholm, the CEO of the hotel, in a press release.
The Crowne Plaza Copenhagen Towers opened its doors last year. Skaal International was founded in 1932 by travel managers and has approximately 20,000 members in 89 nations. It is an organization promoting global tourism.
1.Which of the following is the best title of this passage?
A. Hotel in Copenhagen named world’s greenest
B. Copenhagen-the world’s greenest city
C. Eco Tourism Award in Copenhagen
D. The Crowne Plaza Copenhagen Towers
2.The hotel has been awarded the EcoTourism Award because .
A. delivers green energy to the hotels in Nordic
B. is located in the Copenhagen suburb not in the city center
C. has the largest solar cell facility
D. it sets an environmental-friendly example to other hotels
3.The underlined word “degradable” in passage 3 means it can be .
A. rejected by people who don’t like it
B. accepted by guests from all over the world
C. absorbed easily by nature
D. recycled by the nature
4. What is so special about the fitness facilities?
A. It is free for those who like to exercise.
B. It uses green power to drive.
C. It generates free electricity while being used.
D. It offers free meal to guests who use it.
5. What is Skaal International?
A. Another name for this green hotel.
B. An organization promoting global tourism.
C. The Danish news agency Ritzau.
D. A branch hotel restaurant in Danmark.
Hundreds of people lined up at Grand Central Terminal yesterday, but they
weren’t there to catch a train. They came to New York City’s famous railroad station to trade in old dollar bills for the new George Washington Presidential苊 1 coin.
The gold-colored coin is the first in a new series by the U.S. Mint（造币厂）that honors former U.S. Presidents. The Mint will issue(发行) four Presidential苊 1 coins a year through 2016. Like the popular 50 State Quarters program, which issues coins in the order in which each state joined the Union, Presidential苊 1 coins will come out in the order in which each President served. The George Washington coin is the first to be released. John Adams, Thomas Jefferson and James Madison coins will come out later this year.
The Presidential 苊 1 coins will be the same size and color as the Sacagawea Golden Dollar. However, there is an important difference. For the first time since the 1930s, there is an inscription（题字）on the edge of each coin. Each coin will show a different President on its face, or head side. It will also show the President’s name, the order in which he served and his years in office. The other side of the coin will show the Statue of Liberty and the inscriptions “United States of America” and “苊 1”.
There will be one Presidential苊 1 coin for each President, except Grover Cleveland. He will have two! Cleveland is the only U.S. President to have served two nonconsecutive（不连续的）terms.
The last President scheduled to get a coin is Gerald Ford because a President must have been dead for two years before he can be on a coin.
1. Why did people line up at the railway station?
A. To book train tickets. B. To exchange money.
C. To visit a coin show. D. To visit the station itself.
2.In which order will the Presidential苊 1 coins come out?
A. Each state joined the Union. B. Each President was born.
C. Each President took office. D. Each President died.
3.It can be inferred from the passage that .
A. there are no words on the Sacagawea Golden Dollar
B. the new coin can buy more than the old coin
C. the new coin takes on a white color
D. the Sacagawea Golden Dollar is bigger
4.Why will Grover Cleveland have two coins?
A. He served longer than any other President.
B. He is the most famous President in the U.S.
C. He is the only one who has served two terms.
D. He served two terms but not continuously.
5.Which of the following could be the best title of the passage?
A. Presidential苊 1 coin issued.
B. Different ways to honor Presidents.
C. The differences between Presidential苊 1 coin and other coins.
D. Collections of old dollar bills.
Once upon a time, there was a group of forest deer. In this group was a wise and respected 36 , smart in the ways of deer. He taught the tricks of 37 to the fawn-the young deer.
One day, his younger sister 38 her son to him, to be taught 39 is so important for deer. The teacher said to the fawn, “Very well, you can come at this time tomorrow for your first 40 .”
At first, the young deer came to the lessons 41 he was supposed to. But soon, he became more interested in 42 with the other young bucks（雄鹿）. He didn’t realize how 43 it could be for a deer who learned 44 but deer games. So he started
45 . Soon he was escaping school all the time.
46 , one day the fawn who played hooky 47 a snare（陷阱）and was trapped. Since he was 48 , his mother got worried. She went to her brother the teacher, and
49 him if her son had learned something. The teacher 50 ,”My dear sister, your son was disobedient and 51 . Out of respect for you, I 52 to teach him. But he did not want to learn the 53 of deer. He played hooky! How could I possibly teach him?”
Later they heard the sad news. The 54 fawn had been trapped and killed by a hunter. He skinned him and took the meat home to his family.
The moral is: Nothing can be learned from a teacher by one who 55 the class.
1.A. student B. mother C. teacher D. magician
2.A. perform B. survival C. hunting D. hiding
3.A. brought B. caught C. arranged D. referred
4.A. that B. which C. how D. what
5.A. arrival B. punishment C. prize D. lesson
6.A. as B. because C. whether D. where
7.A. learning B. playing C. talking D. fighting
8.A. interesting B. boring C. dangerous D. useful
9.A. nothing B. something C. all D. none
10.A. working hard B. cutting classes C. playing games D. teaching others
11.A. Luckily B. Unexpectedly C. Definitely D. Unfortunately
12.A. found out B. set up C. stepped in D. got over
13.A. dying B. missing C. unhappy D. improving
14. A. told B. scolded C. asked D. suspected
15.A. replied B. analyzed C. advised D. questioned
16.A. unbelievable B. unreachable C. inflexible D. unimportant
17.A. made up my mind B. tried my best C. gave up D. would like
18.A. stories B. structures C. games D. tricks
19.A. proud B. sick C. stubborn D. shy
20.A. misses B. loves C. forms D. attends
Not far from the factory there was a garden, owner was seated in it
playing bridge with his children.
A. which B. whose C. its D. that
