Five years ago, David Smith wore an expensive suit to work every day． "I was a clothes addict, "he jokes．" I used to carry a fresh suit to work with me so I could change if my clothes got wrinkled．" Today David wears casual clothes – khaki pants and sports shirt – to the office． He hardly ever wears a necktie． "I'm working harder than ever," David says, "and I need to feel comfortable．"
More and more companies are allowing their office workers to wear casual clothes to work． In the United States, the change from formal to casual office wear has been gradual． In the early 1990s, many companies allowed their employees to wear casual clothes on Friday, but only on Friday． This became known as "dress-down Friday" or "casual Friday．" "What started out as an extra one-day-a-week benefit for employees has really become an everyday thing．" said business consultant Maisly Jones．
Why have so many companies started allowing their employees to wear casual clothes? One reason is that it's easier for a company to attract new employees if it has a casual dress code． "A lot of young people don't want to dress up for work," says the owner of a software company, "so it's hard to hire people if you have a conservative dress code．" Another reason is that people seem happier and more productive when they are wearing comfortable clothes． In a study conducted by Levi Strauss and Company, 85 percent of employers said that they believe that casual dress improves employee morale （士气）． Only 4 percent of employers said that casual dress has a negative effect on productivity． Supporters of casual office wear also argue that a casual dress code helps them save money． "Suits are expensive, if you have to wear one every day," one person said． "For the same amount of money, you can buy a lot more casual clothes．"
1.David Smith refers to himself as having been "a clothes addict," because ．
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A．he often wore khaki pants and a sports shirt |
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B．he couldn't stand a clean appearance |
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C．he wanted his clothes to look neat all the time |
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D．he didn't want to spend much money on clothes |
2.David Smith wears casual clothes now, because ．
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A．they make him feel at ease when working |
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B．he cannot afford to buy expensive clothes |
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C．he looks handsome in casual clothes |
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D．he no longer works for any company |
3.According to this passage, which of the following statements is FALSE?
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A．Many employees don't like a conservative dress code． |
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B．Comfortable clothes make employees more productive． |
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C．A casual clothes code is welcomed by young employees． |
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D．All the employers in the U．S． are for casual office wear． |
4.According to this passage, which of the following statements is TRUE?
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A．Company workers started to dress down about twenty years ago． |
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B．Dress-down has become an everyday phenomenon since the early 1990s． |
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C．"Dress-down Friday" was first given as a favor from employers． |
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D．Many workers want to wear casual clothes to impress people． |
5.In this passage, the following advantages of casual office wear are mentioned except ．
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A．saving employees' money |
B．making employees more attractive |
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C．improving employees' motivation |
D．making employees happier |
When an emergency situation occurs, observers are more likely to take action if there are few or no other witnesses． This phenomenon is referred to as the bystander effect．
The bystander effect is also called the Genovese effect, which is named after Catherine “Kitty" Genovese, a young woman who was cruelly murdered on March 13, 1964． Early in the morning, 28-year-old Genovese was returning home from work． As she approached her apartment entrance, she was attacked and stabbed （刺） by a man later identified as Winston Moseley． Despite Genovese's repeated cries for help, none of the dozen or so people in the nearby apartment building who heard her cries called police for help． The attack first began at 3:20, but it was not until 3:50 that someone first contacted police．
Many psychologists were set thinking by the incident, as well as most Americans． As the conclusion, the bystander effect came out and later proved by a series of studies and experiments．
There are two major factors that contribute to the bystander effect． First, the presence of other people creates a division of responsibility． Because there are other observers, individuals do not feel as much pressure to take action, since the responsibility to take action is thought to be shared among all of those present． The second reason is the need to behave in correct and socially acceptable ways． When other observers fail to react, individuals often take this as a signal that a response is not needed or not appropriate．
Other researchers have found that onlookers are less likely to take action if the situation is ambiguous． In the case of Kitty Genovese, many of the 38 witnesses reported that they believed that they were witnessing a "lovers' quarrel", and did not realize that the young woman was actually being murdered．
1.The bystander effect is also called the Genovese effect because a woman surnamed Genovese．
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A．it somehow caused the murder of |
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B．its discovery resulted from the murder of |
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C．it was actually discovered by |
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D．it always makes people think of |
2.Genovese was murdered ．
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A．while she was going out |
B．in her apartment |
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C．halfway home |
D．near her apartment |
3. Which can NOT have been a possible reason for the neighbors NOT offering Genovese help?
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A．They believed in the bystander effect． |
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B．They thought someone else might help her． |
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C．They didn't think they should help． |
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D．They didn't think she needed help． |
4. Before deciding to offer help, observers may , according to the psychologists．
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A．wait for sort of a signal |
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B．hesitate and estimate the risk of getting hurt |
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C．want to be sure it's appropriate to react |
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D．wonder if the victim is worth helping |
5.The article seems to suggest that, if there had been observers, Genovese might not have been murdered．
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A．no |
B．fewer |
C．more |
D．braver |
WHAT happens to a teenage kid when the world he thought he knew suddenly changes? Find out in Little Brother by American author Cory Doctorow． It is a fascinating book for a new generation of sci-fi readers．
Marcus Yallow, 17, from San Francisco is much more comfortable in front of a computer than obeying the rules of society． Smart, fast and wise to the ways of the networked world, he has no trouble outwitting （骗过） his high school's monitoring system． This way he and his friends get to head off to play a popular online game in real life．
While they are playing, a bomb explodes on the Bay Bridge． Marcus stops a military vehicle to get help for his injured friend, but this simple act throws him into a Department of Homeland Security （DHS） secret prison． There he is treated as a possible terrorist． He is eventually let go after four days, but his injured friend disappears．
When he returns, Marcus discovers that there are many "security measures" in place and that now all citizens are treated like potential terrorists． While some consider this government action necessary for public safety, Marcus sees this as a complete destruction of the rights he is supposed to have as a citizen．
He knows that no one will believe his story, which leaves him with only one thing to do: to take down the DHS himself． He helps organize a large network called Xnet to spread the truth, anonymously （匿名地）．
The book presents a young man who is irresponsible, but learns about himself, and grows, in the course of the story． As part of this learning and growing he becomes aware of very serious issues about his society．
1. What kind of article does this passage belong to?
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A．A fascinating story． |
B．A book review． |
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C．News report |
D．A TV programme |
2. The underlined word destruction in the passage means ．
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A．damage |
B．reward |
C．ruin |
D．protection |
3. Marcus Yallow was sent to prison because ．
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A．he killed his friend |
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B．he bombed a military vehicle |
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C．he did something that a possible terrorist could do |
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D．his injured friend disappeared |
4. From the second paragraph we can infer that ．
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A．Marcus Yallow is much more comfortable obeying the rules of society |
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B．Marcus Yallow is smart, fast and wise in real life |
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C．Marcus Yallow always plays online games in real life |
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D．Marcus Yallow is expert at the network world |
5. In the end of the book, Marcus Yallow ．
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A．is supposed to be more irresponsible |
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B．becomes aware of very serious issues about his society |
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C．presents a young man who is irresponsible |
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D．plays a popular online game in real life |
完形填空 （共20小题；每小题1分，满分20分）
阅读下面短文，从短文后各题所给的四个选项（A、B、C和D）中，可以填入空白处的最佳选项,并在答题卡上将该项涂黑。
Although my father wasn't a doctor, he made his own brand of "house calls"． I followed him as he 36 a plate of my mother's home cooking to an elderly man named Frank 37 all major holidays, and when Frank was 38 ． As far as I know, their only 39 was that Frank was an occasional 40 at Dad's small gas station． Frank's home was a two-room house on the rough side of town with a rotten front porch（门廊） that you could fall through if you weren't 41 ． Through his caring 42 , my father was teaching me to be a doctor, 43 neither of us knew it at the time．
When I was 13, my father 44 lung cancer． He brought home a 45 the doctor drew showing 46 his cancer was and told me that he was going to 47 ．
The big green oxygen tank with plastic tubing 48 a central feature （特征） of our living room next to his easy chair． Several months passed and his condition 49 ． He asked me to 50 my mother when he was gone． He said, "I love you, son．" That night he died．
When you're 13 and your father dies, you have some 51 to make． You can use the circumstance as a （n） 52 for letting your behavior and grades go down drain, or you can honor his memory and try to do something 53 with yourself． I 54 my energy on my school work and my goal of becoming a 55 ． ．
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— Do you think our basketball team played very well yesterday?
— ．
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A．They were not nervous at all |
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B．They were still young |
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C．They played naturally |
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D．They couldn't have done better |
Though money, his parents still managed to send him to university．
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A．lacked |
B．lack |
C．lacking |
D．lacks |
