When several different people look at the same person, it is not unusual for each of them to see different things; when you alone observe one behavior or one person at two different times, you may see different things. The following are but some of the factors that lead to these varying perceptions (感知，认知)：
(1)Each person’s perceptions of others are formed by his or her own cultural conditioning education, and personal experiences.
(2) Sometimes perceptions differ because of what we choose to observe and how we deal with what we’ve observed. It is not necessarily true that person perception is based on observations of a particular person. Your observations may be totally controlled by what others have told you about this person; or you may focus (聚焦) primarily on the situation or role relationship. Most people do not use the same yardstick (标准) to measure their parents, their friends, and strangers.
(3) Sometimes we see only what we want to see or don’t see what may be obvious to others because of out own needs, desires, or temporary emotional states. This is a process known as selective perception. Selective perception is obviously more difficult when contradictory (矛盾的) information is particularly obvious, but it can be done. We can ignore (忽视) the stimulus- “He’s basically a good boy so what I saw was not shoplifting. ”
We can reduce the importance of the contradictory information- “All kids (孩子) get into mischief (顽皮) . Taking a book from the bookstore isn’t such a big deal. ” We can change the meaning of the contradictory information-”It wasn’t shoplifting because he was going to pay for it later.”…
1.The first factor given by the author that affects our perception is _____.
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A．the abilities of one’s auditory (听) and visual (视) sensors |
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B．cultural background and personal experiences |
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C．experiences one learns from others |
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D．critical measures taken by other people |
2.While observing a particular person, ______.
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A．one is likely to take all aspects (方面) into consideration |
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B．one pays more attention to his/her advantages |
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C．children often differ from grown-ups in perception |
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D．one tends to choose certain cues (提示) to look for |
3.Observation of the same person by two people at the same time may differ because ______.
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A．their measuring yardsticks are not the same |
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B．either of them may be slow to catch information |
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C．the time for observation is not long enough |
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D．each of them uses different language to express his/her impressions |
4.The word “stimulus ” in paragraph 4 refers to ______.
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A．something attractive |
B．selective perception |
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C．contradictory information |
D．shoplifting |
There were two interesting pieces of news items in the paper a few years ago. One was about a man who received a bill from the telephone company for $ 2,000 a month for doing nothing.
The connection between the two news items is simple; computers-the best invention of the 20th century. The telephone bill came from a computer which made a terrifying mistake; that man’s bill was only $ 23.26. The other item was not as amusing. A man walked into the unguarded computer room of a large packaged food company and expertly programmed the computer to pay him $ 2,000 a month for raw meat which he “supplied ” to the company. Of course he never sent the meat, but he certainly received the money . The computer wrote out a bill, and even “signed ” it. It was only a random (随便) check that uncovered the trick. It could be happening in thousands of other companies all over the world.
Computers are not the magical workers that some people say they are. They make mistakes, they’re sometimes slower than human beings and they’re easily fooled.
The US used to conscript (征兵) people with the help of a computer. The army sent out a card, which had to be filled in and sent back. It was easy to avoid being called up simply by spreading candle-wax(腊) on the card. The computer couldn’t read the card, and did nothing with it.
It’s in our everyday life that computers cause many problems. Let’s get back to using people instead of computers, before a mistake that we can’t put right.
1.In the first paragraph we can conclude ______.
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A．the paper is telling a lie |
B．the first sentence is the topic sentence |
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C．the two news items made people surprised |
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D．if a man did nothing at all for the telephone company, he would still get $2,000 a month |
2.The main idea of the second paragraph is _______.
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A．the computers are magical workers |
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B．the computers can do anything as well as man |
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C．the computers can write out the bill and even sign it |
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D．the computers sometimes also make mistakes |
3.Computers ______.
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A．were used to conscript people |
B．are usually faster than human beings |
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C．are not so magical as people expect |
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D．were not easily controlled and always fooled human beings |
4.The writer thinks _______.
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A．we’d better use people instead of computers in our everyday life |
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B．we should not use computers because they always make mistakes |
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C．computers are widely used in our everyday life |
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D．if we want to work well, don’t use the computers |
There are two types of twins; identical and non-identical twins. Identical twins are formed from a single egg in mother’s body which divides to from two separate babies. Identical twins look the same, and are often dressed by their parents in clothes of the same colors. It is often difficult to tell identical twins from each other, even when they are standing side by side. Non-identical twins come into being when the mother produces two separated eggs a the same time, both of which grow to form babies. In this case the twins look like normal brothers and sisters and are easy to tell one from the other.
In the 1970s and 1980s a scientist did some research into twins. He invited many pairs of identical twins to university and asked them to take part in a week of tests. He was particularly interested in adopted (收养) twins who had been separated at birth. He would give the twins different kinds of tests to study their speed of thinking, their speech, their memory, the ways they saw and heard different things, and so on. Time and time again he found separated twins who preferred clothes of the same color, used the same kind of shaving soap, wore the same shaped square glasses and the same colored socks.
There is a third type of twins, but it is a very unusual one. Twins which are joined together at birth are known in western countries as Siamese twins.
1.It is difficult to tell identical twins apart because _______.
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A．they are dressed in the same clothes |
B．they are dressed in the same color |
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C．they are very alike |
D．they are standing side by side |
2.If the twins are easy to tell from each other, they are ______.
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A．very probably non-identical twins |
B．surely identical twins |
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C．surely identical twins |
D．always a brother and a sister |
3.Which of the following is NOT true according to this passage?
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A．In the 1970s and 1980s a scientist did some research into the two main types of twins. |
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B．In the week of tests, he tested their speed of thinking, their speech, their memory and some other things. |
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C．There were twins who had been separated from each other as soon as they were born. |
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D．Very often, separated twins were found to choose things of the same kind, the same shape and the same color. |
4.This passage mainly tells us _______.
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A．the main types of twins |
B．what has been found out about twins |
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C．how twins are formed |
D．how a scientist studied twins |
Early in the 18th century, Captain Cook, a famous explorer of Australia, unexpectedly caught sight of an unusual animal during his first visit to Australia. The animal had a large mouse like head and jumped along on its large legs. To his great surprise, the unusual animal carried its young in a special pocket of flesh. Captain Cook pointed to the animal which was eating grass in the distance and asked his native guide what the animal was referred to. The guide seemed not to know that he was pointing at and finally said “Kang-a-roo”, but their requests were met with puzzled looks of the native people. Before long they got to discover that the native guide who made the answer to Cook’s question really meant, “I don’t know what you pointing at. “ Funny enough, the name “ Kang-a-roo”, stuck and it is still in use today.
1.Which of the following sentences best expresses the main idea?
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A．captain Cook’s guide made a joke. |
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B．Native Australians could not speak English in Cook’s time. |
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C．Some words have rather funny origins (起源). |
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D．Captain Cook was a lover of wild animals. |
2.When the native guide said “Kang-a-roo ”, he really meant “ ______”
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A．Ah, it is a special kind of animal |
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B．I wonder what you have said |
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C．What do you mean by pointing at that animal? |
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D．I have no idea of what you are referring to. |
3.We can infer from this passage ______.
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A．we should learn many different languages |
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B．Captain Cook made a mistake in understanding |
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C．Captain Cook was a foolish explorer |
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D．the importance of a language in common |
It was my birthday last Thursday and I decided to 26 by inviting a few friends out to supper. I 27 a restaurant in a quiet part of town. It is one of my favorite restaurants because the food is good and the waiters are friendly. It is hardly ever crowded, because 28 people know about it, so it is not usually necessary to book a table. In any case, Thursday is not a busy evening 29 .
When we entered the restaurant, I was surprised to find it completely 30 . I looked around but not a 31 table was free. One of the waiters recognized me. He came across and explained the situation. “A party of tourists came in about 32 ago.” he said. “It was like an invasion! 33 the place was full! We can hardly manage.”
The waiter then 34 a table in the corner. “The people there 35 . ” he said, “Just hold on and you will 36 a place there.” He was right. Fifteen minutes later, the people 37 the corner table paid their bill, got up and left. I led my friends across and we all sat down.
Unfortunately our table was almost out of sight. We tried to attract the attention of the waiter who sent us there, but he, like 38 waiters, 39 the party of tourists. They ordered lots of food. But at last, an hour later, the tourists were finishing their meal and looking very 40 with their service. The waiter now very tired, appeared at our table. I advised (建议) my friends about the best dishes and finally the waiter went off with our 41 .
A few moments later he 42 to our table. We could tell from his face that he had 43 for us. 44 a little embarrassed (尴尬的) he informed us that there was 45 left. “All we can offer you” he said, “is an omelet!(煎蛋卷)”
1.
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A．remember |
B．celebrate |
C．memorize |
D．congratulate |
2.
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A．chose |
B．selected |
C．picked up |
D．elected |
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3. |
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4.
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A．as a rule |
B．as a matter of fact |
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C．as usual |
D．as is known to all |
5.
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A．empty |
B．full |
C．free |
D．quiet |
6.
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A．one |
B．any |
C．single |
D．other |
7.
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A．a half hour |
B．half a hour |
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C．half an hour |
D．an hour half |
8.
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A．suddenly |
B．soon |
C．quickly |
D．certainly |
9.
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A．pointed out |
B．pointed over |
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C．pointed on |
D．pointed to |
10.
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A．will leave |
B．are about to leave
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C．are to leave |
D．will be leaving |
11.
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A．find |
B．find out |
C．looked for |
D．searched |
12.
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A．by |
B．beside |
C．at |
D．near |
13.
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A．all the other |
B．all an other |
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C．all the others |
D．all other |
14.
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A．were kept busy |
B．was busy with |
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C．kept busy with |
D．were busy with |
15.
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A．excited |
B．tired |
C．pleased |
D．disappointed |
16.
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A．dishes |
B．food |
C．menu |
D．order |
17.
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A．went |
B．came |
C．was |
D．returned |
18.
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A．a good news |
B．good news |
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C．bad news |
D．a bad news |
19.
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A．Looking |
B．Look |
C．Looked |
D．Looks |
20.
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A．meat or fish |
B．no meat and fish |
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C．meat and fish |
D．no meat or fish |
--- Mum, I’ve cut my finger. It’s bleeding!
--- _________.
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A．Let me see. |
B．Don’t worry. |
C．Be careful. |
D．Let me have a look. |
