It is a mystery that has puzzled doctors for decades. But experts believe they have now finally solved the tricky question of why winter is notoriously known as the flu season.
According to a new research, the influenza virus coats itself in a protective fatty shield that is tough enough to resist cold temperatures. The butter-like material only melts when it hits the respiratory tract（呼吸道）, leaving the virus free to infect cells-- a process scientists say is like an M&M melting in the mouth.
However, in warmer outdoor temperatures, the protective coating melts before it reaches a person or an animal, killing the bacteria before they can infect someone. Joshua Zimmerberg, from the National Institute of Child Health and Human Development (NICHD), in the US, which led the study, said: “Like an M&M in your mouth, the protective covering melts when it enters the respiratory tract. It's only in this liquid period that the virus is able to enter a cell to infect it.”
In the past, scientists worked on theories that flu is more common in winter because people spend more time inside or the radiation from the sun in summer kills off germs. But no research successfully explained the spread of the disease.
Researchers have already claimed that the report, which is published in the journal Nature Chemical Biology, could lead to new ways to prevent and treat flu. “Now that we understand how the flu virus protects itself so that it can spread from person to person, we can work on ways to prevent it.”
Influenza and other respiratory viruses are spread in small drops broadcast by coughing, sneezing and talking and which can also settle onto surfaces, to be picked up on fingertips.
1. What can be the best title of the passage?
A. The mystery that has puzzled doctors for decades. B. New ways to prevent and treat flu.
C. A discovery of how flu strikes in Winter. D. Ways found to prevent flu.
2. Which of the following statements is NOT true?
A. Doctors have been trying hard to discover why flu strikes in winter.
B. In the past, scientists didn’t know how flu spreads.
C. It is possible that flu virus will no longer threaten humans in winter.
D. People get affected by flu because they spend much more time inside in winter.
3. Where should you insert the following paragraph into the passage?
Duane Alexander, the director of NICHD, said: “The study results open new avenues of research for thwarting (使…受挫)winter flu outbreaks.”
A. Between Paragraphs 1 and 2. B. Between Paragraphs 3 and 4.
C. Between Paragraphs 4 and 5. D. Between the last two paragraphs.
4.In what process or order does flu occur?
a. The virus infects cells b. The influenza virus was born
c. The butter-like material melts d. The virus hits respiratory tract
e. The virus coats itself in butter-like shield f. The virus is free
A. a, c, d, e, b, f . B. c, f, d, b, e, a. C. b, e, d, c, f, a. D. d, b, e, c, f, a.
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From: |
<joseph_yana@orange.net> |
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IP Address: |
193.252.22.118 (originates from France) |
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Date: |
Mon, 02-Feb-2009 09:37:04am |
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Attachment: |
(No attachment) |
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Subject: |
[G-Spam] PLEASE REPLY BACK. |
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Message: |
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CONFIDENTIAL BUSINESS PROPOSAL. FROM THE DESK OF: MR. JOSEPH YANA. AFRICAN DEVELOPMENT BANK (ADB) BURKINA-FASO. Dear Sir / Madam, I am the Bill and Exchange (assistant) Manager of the Africa development Bank, MR. JOSEPH YANA. In my department I discovered an abandoned sum of USD$9.900.000 in an account that belongs to one of our foreign customer who died along with his wife and two children in July 2000 in a plane crash. Since we got information about his death, we have been expecting his next of kin(近亲属) to come over and claim his money, but unfortunately we learnt that all his supposed next of kin or relation died alongside with him in the plane crash leaving nobody behind for the claim. It is therefore upon this discovery that I in my department now decided to make this business proposals to you and release the money to you as next of kin or relation since nobody is coming for it and we don't want this money to go into the bank treasury as unclaimed fund. The banking law and guidelines here says that if such money remains unclaimed after ten years, the money will be transferred into the bank treasury. The request of foreigner in this transaction is necessary because our late customer was a foreigner. We agree that 30% of this money will be for you as foreigner partner, 5% will be set aside for expenses incurred during the business and 65% would be for me, after which I shall visit your country for disbursement(开支) according to the percentages indicated. Therefore to enable the immediate transfer of this fund to you as arranged, you must apply first to the bank, and send your account number, your private telephone and fax number for easy and effective communication and location where the money will be sent. Upon receiving your reply, I will send to you by fax or e-mail the text of the application which you shall retype and fax to us. Trusting to receive your urgent reply through my alternative Email : jyana96 @ yahoo.co.id Best regards. MR. JOSEPY YANA. |
1. A foreigner who receives this letter should ________.
A. be a close relative of the dead. B. send hundreds of dollars to Africa
C. go to African Development Bank for the wealth D. not take it seriously.
2. Which of the following is true according to the text?
A. Many millionaires died in the plane crash. B. Any money unclaimed will be given to a poor foreigner.
C. the division of the money seems quite reasonable. D. AFRICAN DEVELOPMENT BANK doesn’t exist at all.
3. A person who believes “__________” will fall into it.
A. Nothing ventured, nothing gained. B. There's no such thing as a free lunch.
C. All rivers run into the sea D. A short cut is often a wrong cut
第三部分：阅读理解（共15小题;每小题2分，满分30分）
阅读下列短文，从每题所给的四个选项（A、B、C和D）中，选出最佳选项，并在答题卡上将该项涂黑。
Most people don't know the true story of the little boy who came to be known as Douglas Craig. He was found wandering around the streets of Washington, D.C. He could not hear or speak. At night, he drew the knees up to his body in doorways and slept. Sometimes people pitied him and gave him food and clothing. If not, he ate what he could find in garbage cans.
Dr. E. M. Gallaudet at Gallaudet College let him stay in the Kendall School until he was old enough to work. He became the best "handy man" that Gallaudet had ever had. He had many duties, such as picking up mail at the post office, mowing grass, tending the flower beds, and carrying notes from the boys to the girls. Clearly, he was a familiar sight on campus.
It is said that Douglas courted(求爱) a black woman from Baltimore. Since his courtship required letter-writing, and he was illiterate, he had a student in the college act as his "private secretary." Though that relationship did not work out, he did marry a black deaf woman. The wedding took place in a church, and most of the college faculty and teachers were present. Douglas was dressed in a full-dress suit with a white tie and white gloves. The happy couple went to Baltimore for a honeymoon, but the honeymoon only lasted for one day. Their plans were cut short when his pocketbook containing about $300 was either lost or stolen.
He once went to Norfolk, Virginia on a vacation, but he did not know what a vacation was. He spent the entire time working around the docks of Norfolk. He came home with a pocketful of money, and told everyone that he had a fine vacation.
Douglas' last public duty was to raise the flag to the top of the new flagpole. He was very weak and sat in an armchair during the ceremonies. He died in 1936, but left a legend at Gallaudet that would live forever.
1. The main idea of the story is that_____:
A. Craig liked no women except those from universities.
B. Gallaudet is the best place for an orphan to grow up.
C. No one ever found out exactly what happened to Craig’s family.
D. Craig, a man with an unusual background, worked at Gallaudet for many years.
2. It is most likely that Douglas Craig enjoyed working at Gallaudet because_____:
A. Gallaudet was a good place to collect junk. B. he found it easy to communicate with people.
C. people felt sorry for him so he didn't have to work hard. D. he didn't have a home.
3. Craig and his new wife's honeymoon did not last long because_______:
A. their money was lost or stolen. B. Craig missed Gallaudet and wanted to come back early.
C. they spent all their money. D. their baggage and clothing was lost or stolen.
第二节 完形填空（共20小题；每小题1分，满分20分）
请认真阅读下面短文，从短文后各题所给的A、B、C、D四个选项中，选出最佳选项，并在答题卡上将该项涂黑。
What is it about maths, anyway? Why is it that a ___36___ who would rather die than ___37___ they found reading difficult at school will happily say he is brain-dead when it ___38___ to numbers?
“I was ___39___ at maths at school,” they say. “still am. Can’t ___40___ up to save my life. My little girl takes after____41___. Thinks take-aways are something to do with fish and chips. Ha-ha!” Oh, how we all laugh.
But how many of us remember it being ___42___ at the time? How many of us remember the blind panic of the Monday morning maths test when the ___43___ we could hope for was a miracle(奇迹) to make the numbers we ___44___ without thinking as answers somehow ___45___ the questions?
On the face of it, today’s children can ___46___ be considered happier and more satisfied. They have a daily numeracy lesson ___47___ to improving their maths skills. But if that sounds like hell to you, you may ___48__ find that your child surprises you by actually quite ___49__ it.
One of the __50___ is that over the last ten years or so, there has been a ___51___ in the way maths is taught. And many of those who teach it feel it’s been a ___52__ for the better. There’s generally much more emphasis now on __53___ arithmetic, getting children used to doing calculations without forever having a pen in one hand and a calculator in the other. Often the first question a teacher will ask is: can you do this in your___54___? And if they can, they do.
The whole approach is more___55___, the goal to get children understanding numbers, not just putting them through the uninteresting process of learning something by repeating it until they remember it.
36 A. teacher B. parent C. pupil D. teenager
37 A. understand B. admit C. observe D. pretend
38 A. add B. relate C. comes D. reject
39 A. good B. expert C. special D. rubbish
40 A. add B. make C. look D. pick
41 A. stranger B. me C. herself D. somebody
42 A. funny B. easy C. attractive D. remote
43 A. worst B. prize C. best D. surprising
44 A. missed B. lost C. found D. chose
45 A. get B. foresee C. fit D. evaluate
46 A. however B. frequently C. mostly D. hardly
47 A. suggested B. devoted C. intended D. adapted
48 A. well B. sometimes C. seldom D. extremely
49 A. enjoying B. hating C. objecting D. mastering
50 A. consequences B. reasons C. findings D. incidents
51 A. mistake B. program C. policy D. revolution
52 A. preparation B. reputation C. requirement D. change
53 A. difficult B. general C. mental D. basic
54 A. class B. head C. textbook D. own
55 A. logical B. unbelievable C. direct D. conservative
—I don’t want to move to that city. It is heavily polluted.
—Pollution is common. The city here is _____.
A. no less clean B. no clean C. no cleaner D. not less clean
Lack of work experience puts college graduates at a huge disadvantage when ______ with laid -off workers.
A. competed B. having competed C. competing D. to compete
