A new argument has been put forward as to whether penguins are disturbed by the presence of tourists in Antarctica.
Previous research by scientists from Keil University in Germany monitored Adelie penguins and noted that the birds’ heart rates increased dramatically at the sight of a human as far as 30 meters away. But new research using an artificial egg, which is equipped to measure heart rates, disputes this. Scientists from the Scott Polar Research Institute at Cambridge say that a slow moving human who does not approach the nest too closely, is not viewed as a threat by penguins.
The earlier findings have been used to partly explain the 20 per cent drop in populations of certain types of penguins near tourist sites. However, tour operators have continued to insist that their activities do not adversely affect wildlife in Antarctica, saying they encourage non-disruptive behavior in tourists, and that the decline in penguin numbers is caused by other factors.
Amanda Nimon of the Scott Polar Research Institute spent three southern hemisphere summers at Cuverville Island in Antarctica studying penguin behavior towards humans. “A nesting penguin will react very differently to a person rapidly and closely approaching the nest,” says Nimon. “First they exhibit large and prolonged heart rate changes and then they often flee the nest leaving it open for predators (掠夺者) to fly in and remove eggs or chicks.” The artificial egg, specially for the project, monitored both the parent who had been ‘disturbed’ when the egg was placed in the nest and the other parent as they both took it in turns to guard the nest.
However, Boris Culik, who monitored the Adelie penguins, believes that Nimon’s findings do not invalidate his own research. He points out that species behave differently ---- and Nimon’s work was with Gentoo penguins. Nimon and her colleagues believe that Culik’s research was methodologically flawed because the monitoring of penguins’ responses needed capturing and restraining the birds and fitting them with beart-rate transmitters. Therefore, argues Nimon, it would not be surprising if they became stressed on seeing a human subsequently.
1.According to the passage, what overall message is presented?
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A．No firm conclusions are drawn. |
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B．Neither Culik’s nor Nimon’s findings are of much value. |
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C．Penguin reduction is closed related to tourist behavior. |
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D．Tourists are not responsible for the fall in penguin numbers. |
2.Which ONE argument of the following is stated in the passage?
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A．Penguins are harder to research when they have young. |
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B．Tour operators should encourage tourists to avoid Antarctica. |
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C．Not all penguins behave in the same way. |
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D．Penguins need better protection from tourists. |
3.What do you notice about the views presented in the passage?
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A．They are groundless. |
B．They are factual. |
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C．They are descriptive. |
D．They are conflicting. |
4.What does the underlined word (final line) probably mean?
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A．Later on. |
B．Calmly. |
C．Separately. |
D．In the same place. |
Baby girls make their way directly for dolls as soon as they can crawl, while boys will head for cars, a study has shown. The findings, the first to show differences in very young babies, suggest there is a biological basis to their preferences.
Psychologists Dr Brenda Todd from City University London carried out an experiment involving 90 babies aged 9 months to 36 months. The babies were allowed to choose from seven toys. Some were typically boys’ toys ---- a car, a digger, a ball and a blue teddy. The rest were girls’ toys: a pink teddy, a doll and a cooking set. They were placed a meter away from the toys；and could pick whichever toy they liked their choice and the amount of time they spent playing with each toy were recorded.
Of the youngest children (9 to 14 months), girls spent significantly longer playing with the doll than boys, and boys spent much more time with the car and ball than the girls did. Among the two and three-year-olds, girls spent 50 percent of the time playing with the doll while only two boys briefly touched it. The boys spent almost 90 percent of their time playing with cars, which the girls barely touched. There was no link between the parents’ view on which toys were more appropriate for boys or girls, and the children’s choice.
Dr Brenda Todd said, “Children of this age are already exposed to much socialization. Boys may be given ‘toys that go’ while girls get toys they can care for, which may help shape their preference. But these findings agree with the former idea that children show natural interests in particular kinds of toys. There could be a biological basis for their choices. Males through evolution have been adapted to prefer: moving objects, probably through hunting instincts（本能）, while girls prefer warmer colors such as pink, the colour of a newborn baby.”
1.Baby boys and girls have different toy preferences probably because ________.
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A．baby boys are much more active |
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B．baby girls like bright colours more |
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C．their parents treat them differently |
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D．there is a natural difference between them |
2.Both baby boys and baby girls like to play with ________ according to the study.
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A．a ball |
B．a teddy |
C．a car |
D．a doll |
3.What can we infer from Paragraph 3?
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A．Nine-month-old baby boys don’t play with dolls at all. |
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B．Two-year-old baby girls sometimes play with cars and balls. |
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C．The older the babies are, the more obvious their preference is. |
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D．Parents should teach their babies to share each other’s toys. |
4.What conclusion did Dr. Brenda Todd draw from the results of the study?
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A．Adults purposely influence their babies’ preference. |
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B．Babies’ preference isn’t affected by social surroundings. |
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C．Baby boys preferring to moving toys will be good at hunting. |
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D．Baby girls preferring warmer colors will be warm-hearted. |
A recent Living Social survey showed that Americans may live up to their poor reputation while travelling abroad. But what’s more surprising is that many of those surveyed self-identified themselves as ‘ugly’ Americans and the world’s worst travelers.
Those in the U.S. ranked themselves as the worst travellers by a shocking 20 per cent, followed by 15 per cent saying the Chinese were the most substandard tourists.
Americans topped the list as being the worst-behaved travelers in a survey of 5,600 respondents, 4,000 of whom were Americans. Other respondents were in Australia, Canada, Ireland and the United Kingdom. But even American respondents considered their compatriots(同胞) as the worst travelers from a list of 16 nationalities.
Canadians and Australians also put Americans in the No. 1 spot. Irish respondents pointed to U.K. residents and U.K. respondents gave Germans the nod. On the other hand, 37% of Americans opted for "none of the above" in answer to the worst-tourists question, displaying more tolerance and open-mindedness than the other nationalities.
Other survey questions had respondents admitting pilfering from hotels. Four in ten U.S. survey-takers said they’d stolen something – mostly towels (28%) and bathrobes (8%). Other popular pinched items included pillows, remote controls, Bibles and sheets.
Not surprising is that Americans have less time off from work than other nationalities. Americans reported getting 16 days off, compared with 28 days for the Irish, 27 days for Australians, 23 days for U.K. workers; and 21 days for Canadians.
In the travel mishaps department, the most common travel disaster reported by Americans was lost luggage on an airline (21%)； bad weather (21%)； and getting very lost (16%).
As for places Americans most want to see, Disney World and Las Vegas made the top 10, but they weren't at the top of the heap. And New York didn't make the cut.
1.What percentage of American respondents is in the survey?
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A．20 % |
B．15% |
C．71% |
D．37% |
2.The underlined word “pilfering” in Para. 5 most probably means ________.
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A．taking |
B．bringing |
C．stealing |
D．borrowing. |
3.According to the survey, what kind of things are most taken away by Americans?
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A．towels and pillows |
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B．bathrobes and remote controls. |
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C．towels and Bibles |
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D．bathrobes and towels. |
4.What’s the best title of this passage?
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A．Chinese were announced as the world’s worst travellers. |
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B．The global worst travellers were announced. |
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C．Disney World is the best destination to Americans. |
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D．European travellers were the best in the world |
Work Your Mind
Here’s something to think about the next time you ask your teacher for help: struggling with schoolwork on your own can help you learn. According to a recent study, the more you struggle while you are learning new information, the better you can remember it later.
This theory might surprise you. When teachers are presenting new information, they often give students lots of help. But a new study shows this may not be the best way to support learning. “Don't be too quick to get help when learning something new,” education expert Manu Kapur told TFK. “Try to work on it yourself even if it means trying different ways.”
Kapur came up with the idea that struggling can lead to better learning. Then he tested it out on students in Singapore. He separated students into two groups. In the first group, students were asked to solve math problems with the teacher’s help. In the second group, students were asked to solve the same problems by helping one another, instead of getting help from the teacher.
With the teacher’s help, students in the first group were able to find the correct answers. Students in the second group did not solve the problems correctly. But they did come up with a lot of good ideas. The students were then tested on what they had learned. The group without any help from a teacher scored much higher than the group who had help. Kapur said working to find the answers helped students understand the process, not just the solution.
Kapur’s advice for kids is to put a lot of effort into learning something new rather than going to your teacher for help. “Simply doing a little work or nothing at all won’t work,” says Kapur. “The struggle needs to be a genuine attempt to figure out or solve a problem in as many ways as possible.”
1.When you have doubt on schoolwork, you’d better ____________.
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A．ask your teacher for help |
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B．make it clear by yourself |
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C．ask your classmates to help you |
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D．ask your parents for help |
2.What’s Manu Kapur educational idea on learning new knowledge?
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A．Give students much help as soon as possible. |
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B．Let students learn it on themselves in one way. |
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C．Let students learn it by themselves in the same way. |
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D．Let students learn it for themselves in different ways. |
3.How did Kapur check his idea on better learning?
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A．By asking questions. |
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B．By solving art problems. |
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C．By group comparations. |
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D．By solving science problems. |
4.What is most important in learning knowledge?
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A．Getting the teacher’s help. |
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B．Getting the student’s help. |
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C．Grasping the learning course. |
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D．Receiving the final solution. |
Sailing Through History
A group of 1,309 passengers boarded the MS Balmoral on Sunday, in Southampton, England, on a voyage to retrace the path of the Titanic. The Titanic was the biggest ship in the world when it sailed on its ill-fated maiden voyage in 1912. Of the 2,227 passengers and crew aboard, more than 1,500 died. The ship, which was headed to New York City, carried the rich and famous on its first voyage. It also carried immigrants, who were seeking a better life in America.
Relatives of people who sailed on the Titanic, historians, authors and people fascinated by the story of the unsinkable ship, are on the Balmoral. They want to remember the doomed ship and those who died on her first and last voyage. The historic liner had set sail on April 10, 1912, from Southampton. Late at night on April 14, she hit an iceberg. In the early morning hours of April 15, the Titanic sank.
The Balmoral is following Titanic’s original route from Southampton. First, the modern-day cruise liner docked in the port of Cherbourg, France, where the Titanic had picked up more passengers. On Monday afternoon, the Balmoral stops in Cobh, Ireland, the Titanic’s last port of call before sailing to New York.
Balmoral will then cruise the North Atlantic Ocean to the location where Titanic hit an iceberg that ripped the ship’s hull(外壳). On Sunday, April 15, at 2:20 a.m.—the time the Titanic went down—passengers and crew will hold a memorial service. The next two days will be spent in Halifax, Canada, where many victims of the sinking are buried. Then, the Balmoral will reach its final destination in New York City, where Titanic was supposed to dock—but never did.
Until today, several teams of divers have explored the site. They have recovered some items such as dishes and silverware and put them on public display. And more trips are planned to the wreckage in the future. The Titanic and its passengers and crew have been remembered in books, movies and TV programs. But there’s a much more important contribution that Titanic gave us. After she sank, lawmakers and shipbuilders made ships safer. It took a terrible tragedy to make ship travel safer for all.
1.How many passengers in Titanic survived at last?
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A．More than 1500. |
B．About 1309. |
C．About 1000. |
D．Less than 750. |
2.How many countries does the Balmoral reach before sailing to New York?
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A．Two. |
B．Three. |
C．Four. |
D．five. |
3.The Balmoral will stay in Canada just __________.
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A．in memory of the dead passengers in the Balmoral |
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B．in memory of the survivors in Titanic |
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C．in memory of the dead passengers in Titanic |
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D．in memory of the survivors in the Balmoral |
4.What might be the most important contribution of sunken Titanic?
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A．Its site attracts more exploring teams. |
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B．It makes the later ships more secure. |
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C．Some of its items are on public display. |
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D．More trips are planned to its wreckage. |
We all have storms through our lives. But we have no right to make everyone else suffer with our own 31 .
The carpenter I 32 to help me restore an old farmhouse had just finished a(n) 33 first day on the job. A flat tire made him lose an hour of work, his electric saw quit, and now his truck 34 to start.
While I drove him home, he sat in stony 35 .
On arriving, he invited me in to meet his family. As we walked toward the front door, he paused 36 at a small tree, 37 tips of the branches with both hands.
When opening the door, he underwent a(n) 38 transformation. His tanned face was wreathed in smiles, and he 39 his two small children and gave his wife a kiss.
The next day my 40 drove me to ask him about what I had seen. “Oh, that’s my trouble tree,” he replied. “I know I can’t 41 having troubles on the job, but the troubles don’t 42 to the house with my family. So I just 43 them up on the tree. Then in the morning I pick them up again.”
“ 44 thing is,” he smiled, “when I come out in the morning to pick them up, there aren’t nearly as 45 as I remember the night before.”
Putting 46 around our problems is a really good idea --- it prevents our difficulties from spilling over onto loved people, who can’t do anything about our problems. Why 47 them if they can’t help us?
So, plant yourself a trouble tree outside and use it 48 you come home. Be grateful that you have loved ones to go home to 49 your loved one is simply your beloved dog. And when you picked up your troubles on the way each morning, be 50 that they’re not as heavy as they were the night before.
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