Something in chocolate could be used to stop coughs and lead to more effective medicines, say UK researchers.
Their study found that theobromine（可可碱）, found in cocoa, was nearly a third more effective in stopping coughs than codeine, which was considered the best cough medicine at present.
The Imperial College London researchers who published their results online said the discovery could lead to more effective cough treatment. “While coughing is not necessarily harmful it can have a major effect on the quality of life, and this discovery could be a huge step forward in treating this problem,” said Professor Peter Barnes.
Ten healthy volunteers were given theobromine, codeine or placebo, a pill that contains no medicine, during the experiment. Neither the volunteers nor the researchers knew who received which pill. The researchers then measured levels of capsaicin, which is used in research to cause coughing and as a sign of how well the medicines are stopping coughs.
The team found that, when the volunteers were given theobromine, the capsaicin needed to produce a cough was around a third higher than in the placebo group. When they were given codeine they needed only slightly higher levers of capsaicin to cause a cough compared with the placebo.
The researchers said that theobromine worked by keeping down a nerve activity(神经活动), which cause coughing. They also found that unlike some standard cough treatments, theobromine caused no side effects such as sleepiness.
1.According to Professor Barnes, theobromine ______.
A. cannot be as effective as codeine
B. can be harmful to people’s health
C. cannot be separated from chocolate
D. can be a more effective cure for coughs
2.What was used in the experiment to cause coughing?
A. Theobromine. B. Codeine. C. Capsaicin. D. Placebo.
3.We learn from the text that volunteers in the experiment _____.
A. were patients with bad coughs
B. were divided into the three groups
C. received standard treatments
D. suffered little side effects
4.Which of the following would be the best title for the text?
A. Codeine: A New Medicine
B. Chocolate May Cure Coughs
C. Cough Treatment: A Hard Case
D. Theobromine Can Cause Coughs
How to Be a Winner
Sir Steven Redgrave
Winner of 5 Olympic Gold Medals
“In 1997 I was found to have developed diabetes(糖尿病). Believing my career was over, I felt extremely low. Then one of the specialists said there was no reason why I should stop training and competing. That was it ---the encouragement I needed. I could still be a winner if I believed in myself. I am not saying that it isn’t difficult sometimes. But I wanted to prove to myself that I wasn't finished yet. Nothing is to stand in my way.”
Karen Pickering
Swimming World Champion
“I swim 4 hours a day, 6 days a week. I manage that sort of workload by putting it on top of my diary. This is the key to success----you can’t follow a career in any field without being well-organized. List what you believe you can achieve. Trust yourself, write down your goals for the day, however small they are, and you’ll be a step closer to achieving them.”
Kirsten Best
Poet & Writer
“When things are getting hard, a voice inside my head tells me that I can’t achieve something. Then, there are other distractions, such as family or hobbies. The key is to concentrate. When I feel tense, it helps a lot to repeat words such as ‘calm’, ‘peace’ or ‘focus’, either out loud or silently in my mind. It makes me feel more in control and increases my confidence. This is a habit that can become second nature quite easily and is a powerful psychological tool”
1.What does Sir Steven Redgrave mainly talk about?
A. Difficulties influenced his career.
B. Specialists offered him medical advice.
C. Training helped him defeat his disease.
D. He overcame the shadow of illness to win.
2.What does Karen Pickering put on top of her diary?
A. Her training schedule. B. Her daily happenings.
C. Her achievements. D. Her sports career.
3.What does the underlined word “distractions” probably refer to？
A. Ways that help one to focus.
B. Words that help one to feel less tense.
C. Activities that turn one's attention away.
D. Habits that make it hard for one to relax.
4.According to the passage ,what do the three people have in common?
A. Self-confidence. B. Devotion. C. Hard work. D. Courage.
We have all heard the old phrase “attitude is everything”, and that phrase is certainly true．Your attitude can have a great impact on your personal motivation, so it is important to keep a positive attitude no matter what challenges you face．
As a matter of fact, keeping your attitude positive in the face of difficulties is the motivation tip that most successful business owners will tell you．The most successful business owners, from Sam Walton to Bill Gates, have all been able to triumph in the face of unpleasant situations．It is those successful business owners who tell you that attitude is everything．But how you deal with that knowledge will determine your level of success．
One of the most important ways to carry out “attitude is everything” is to observe who you associate with and who you surround yourself with．That is because when you surround yourself with negative people, their negative attitudes will infect you．So keeping your associates, colleagues, co-workers and friends as positive as possible is a great way to put the phrase “attitude is everything” into practice．
Whatever you decide to do in life, your attitude will have a great effect on the success you achieve．Success , whether in the world of business or in your personal life, is directly related to your attitude, and the attitude you bring to your work．A positive attitude will help you achieve greater success in your job, no matter what your current level of employment．
1.According to the text, Sam Walton __________．
A．is more successful than Bill Gates
B．has given readers some tips about success
C．has never dealt with unpleasant situations
D．is one of the most successful businessmen
2.One useful way of carrying out “attitude is everything” is__________．
A．not letting others affect your decisions
B．not making friends with people who are unsuccessful
C．keeping the people who surround you positive
D．getting some advice from successful business owners
3.What’s the best title for the text ?
A．Attitude Determines Your Success
B．Motivation Tips From Successful People
C．Ways To Deal With Unpleasant Situations
D．Making Friends With Positive People
I found out one time that doing a __36____for someone could get you into a lot of trouble．I was in the eighth grade at the time, and we were having a final test．During the test, the girl sitting next to me ___37____ something, but I didn’t understand．So I __38______ her way and found out that she was trying to ask me if I had an extra pen．She showed me that hers was ____39_____ and would not write．I happened to have an extra one, so I took it out of my pocket and ____40_____ it on her desk．
Later, after the test papers had been turned in, the teacher asked me to stay in the room when all the other students were____41_____．As soon as we were alone she began to talk to me about ____42____ it meant to grow up; she talked about how important it was to____43____ your own two feet and be responsible for your own ____44____．For a long time, she talked about honesty and emphasized the fact ____45____ when people do something____46____, they are really cheating themselves．She made me ____47____ that I would think seriously about all the things she had said, and then she told me I could leave．I walked out of the room ____48____ why she had chosen to talk to me about all those things．
____49____, I found out that she thought I had cheated on the test．When she saw me lean over to talk to the girl next to me, it looked as if I was copying answers ____50____ the girl’s test paper．I ___51____ to explain about the pen, but all she____52____ say was that it seemed very strange to her that I hadn’t talked of anything about the pen the day she talked to me ____53____ after the test．____54____ I tried to explain that I was just doing the girl a favor by letting her use my pen, I was sure she ____55____ to believe that I had cheated on the test．
1.A．help B．hand C．favor D．fever
2.A．whispered B．talked C．told D．spoke
3.A．turned over B．came over C．leaned over D．looked over
4.A．out of sight B．out of work C．out of place D．out of ink
5.A．place B．put C．gave D．lent
6.A．punished B．dismissed C．praised D．parted
7.A．what B．that C．which D．how
8.A．stand up B．stand on C．stand for D．stand by
9.A．attitude B．activity C．action D．behavior
10.A．what B．if C．that D．where
11.A．honest B．dishonest C．modest D．disappointed
12.A．promise B．permit C．recognize D．prove
13.A．wandering B．reflecting C．understanding D．wondering
14.A．Long before B．Therefore C．Ever before D．Later on
15.A．of B．in C．from D．on
16.A．managed B．planned C．tried D．promoted
17.A．could B．would C．can D．will
18.A．right B．only C．slight D．once
19.A．After B．Until C．As if D．Even if
20.A．remained B．continued C．kept D．wanted
---Did you go to the show last night?
--- Yeah． Every boy and every girl in the area ____ invited．
A． were B．was C． has been D．have been
you may have , you should gather your courage to face the challenge .
A. However serious a problem
B. Whatever serious a problem
C. However a serious problem
D. No matter how a serious
