Psychologists(心理学家) have known that what's going on inside our head affects our senses. For example, poorer children think coins are larger than they are, and hungry people think pictures of food are brighter. Professor Remi Radel wanted to investigate(look into) how this happens -- whether it's right away, as the brain receives signals from the eyes, or a little later, as the brain's higher-level thinking processes get involved.
Radel chose 42 students and each student was told to arrive at the lab at noon after three or four hours of not eating on the day of the test. Then they were told there was a delay. Some were told to come back in 10 minutes; others were given an hour to get lunch. So half the students were hungry when they did the experiment and the other half had just eaten.
For the experiment, the participant looked at a computer screen. One by one, 80 words flashed on the screen. A quarter of the words were food-related. After each word, the person was asked how bright the word was and asked to choose which of two words they'd seen -- a food-related word like gateau (cake) or a neutral (中性的) word like bateau (boat).
Hungry people saw the food-related words as brighter and were better at identifying food-related words. Because the word appeared too quickly for them to be reliably seen, this means that the difference is in perception (直觉), Radel says—it's not because of some kind of processing happening in the brain after you've already figured out what you're looking at.
"This is something great to me, that humans can really realize what they need or what they hope for, to know that our brain can really arrange for our motives and needs," Radel says. "There is something inside us that selects information in the world to make life easier.”
1.The purpose of Radel's research is to let us know ____.
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A．how our thinking has effect on our senses happens |
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B．what it is the good time for students to have lunch |
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C．whether poorer children think coins are larger than they are |
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D．whether hungry people think pictures of food are brighter |
2.In the experiment 20 words that flashed on the screen had something to do with “____”.
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A．boat |
B．food |
C．mind |
D．weather |
3.Which of the following is true about the experiment?
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A．The students should stare at the words in the book. |
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B．Each word appeared slowly in order that the participant could read it exactly. |
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C．After each word flashed on the screen, the person was asked to finish two tasks. |
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D．On the day of the test, all the students were very hungry because of the delay of their lunch. |
4.What does the new study find?
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A．Actually our brain can arrange for our motives and needs. |
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B．In the experiment the brain was totally controlled by the senses. |
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C．People who had just eaten saw all the words more clearly than hungry people. |
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D．The participants saw the words look different long after the brain dealt with the information. |
Why do people drink too much, eat too much, smoke cigarettes or take drugs? What’s to blame for all the bad behavior? Most people would say that, while these self-destructive acts can have many root causes, they all have one obvious thing in common: they are all examples of failures of self-control, lacking the will power to resist them.
According to a recent study, however, if you really think about it, something about that simple answer doesn’t quite make sense. In fact, it turns out that sometimes it’s having will power that really gets you into trouble.
Think back to the time you took your very first sip of beer. Disgusting, wasn’t it? When my father gave me my first taste of beer as a teenager, I wondered why anyone would voluntarily drink it. And smoking? No one enjoys their first cigarette — it tastes awful. So even though smoking, and drinking alcohol or coffee, can become temptation(attraction) you need will power to resist, they never, ever start out that way.
Just getting past those first horrible experiences actually requires a lot of self-control. Ironically (讽刺的是), only those who can control themselves well, rather than give in to them, can ever come to someday develop a “taste” for Budweiser beer, Marlboro cigarettes, or dark-roasted Starbucks coffee. We do it for social acceptance. We force ourselves to consume alcohol, cigarettes, coffee and even illegal drugs, in order to seem experienced, grown-up, and cool.
These bad habits aren’t self-control failures — far from it. They are voluntary choices, and they are in fact self-control successes. Self-control is simply a tool to be put to some use, helpful or harmful. To live happy and productive lives, we need to develop not only our self-control, but also the wisdom to make good decisions about when and where to apply it.
1.What do most people think causes bad behavior?
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A．Being forced by others. |
B．Not having enough will power. |
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C．Enjoying their first experiences. |
D．Following the examples of their friends. |
2.The author mentions his experience in the third paragraph to prove ____.
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A．will power helps develop bad habits sometimes |
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B．drinking beer is harmful to the health of teenagers |
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C．self-control should be developed when one is young |
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D．everyone can be challenged by different temptations |
3.In the last paragraph, the author stresses(强调) that ____.
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A．without self-control, no one can succeed |
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B．bad habits don’t always lead to bad results |
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C．applying self-control correctly is important |
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D．people can develop wisdom from bad behavior |
4.What would be the best title for the passage?
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A．My First Sip of Beer |
B．Do You Have Will Power ? |
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C．Will Power Benefits Us |
D．Dark Side of Self-control |
To Whom It May Concern:
On March 5, 2012 , I bought a Perfect Muffin Kit from your store at Midfield Shopping Center. The cashier who assisted me was George. George was very friendly and told me that the Perfect Muffin Kit would live up to the guarantee on the box: “Perfect Muffins Every Time!”.
Unfortunately, this product did not live up to what it promised . The muffins I made were far from perfect . I followed the directions in the package very carefully . First , I removed the bag of mix from the box. Then , I poured it into a bowl. Next, I added the correct amount of water to the mix and stirred it. According to the directions, after stirring the mixture , I added half a cup of dried grapes, nuts , berries, or another favorite ingredient . My favorite ingredient happens to be hot sauce . I find that a bit of hot sauce makes pizza and soup taste very delicious. So, continuing to follow the directions, I added half a cup of hot sauce to the mix and stirred it. Finally, I poured the mix into muffin tins and baked it in the baker at 350 degrees for exactly 20 minutes.
When the muffins finished baking, I was very excited to eat the “Perfect Muffins” as promised on the box. You can imagine my disappointment when, upon tasting the muffins, I discovered that they were not perfect. These muffins were , in fact , absolutely terrible. Not even my dog was interested in eating these supposedly “perfect” muffins.
I would appreciate a full refund( money to be returned) of $3.99 for this product as soon as possible. Enclosed are the receipt, the empty box, and one of the un-perfect muffins so that you can experience it for yourself . Thank you for your attention to this matter.
Sincerely，
Michelle Bauer
1.This letter is most likely addressed to _______.
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A．a local storeowner |
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B．the owner of the muffin mix company |
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C．the clerk at a local muffin bakery |
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D．George, the cashier who sold the muffin mix |
2. The tone(语气 ) of the author can best be described as ________.
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A．embarrassed |
B．hopeless |
C．disappointed |
D．disgusted |
3.The author was unhappy with the product because________.
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A．the directions of the product contained a mistake |
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B．it was not up to the promise made on the box |
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C．it was too difficult to follow the directions |
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D．it was worth less money than she paid for it |
4.The author’s main purpose in writing this letter is to ________.
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A．prevent others from making the same mistake |
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B．persuade the company to change the wording on their box |
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C．get back all the money paid from the shop |
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D．complain about how bad the muffins tasted |
Churchill's full name was Winston Leonard Spencer Churchill. He was born in 1874. He was educated at Harrow School and the Royal Military College, Sandhurst.
In 1900 Churchill was elected a member of parliament .As First Lord of the Admiralty , in 1911, he was responsible for strengthening the British navy.
During World War I, he still remained a member of parliament, but he resigned from his post in the British navy, and became a soldier again, fighting in France. In 1917, however, he became Minister of Munitions . In this job, he encouraged the development and use of the tank, which was then a new weapon. After the war, Churchill held several government posts.
From 1931 to 1939, he was only a member of parliament. He had fallen into dislike because of his militant (war-loving) attitude. Even his closest friends discouraged him from seeking higher office. But when World War II started in 1939. Churchill returned to his former job as First Lord of the Admiralty.
In May 1940, he became Prime Minister. Throughout the war, Churchill showed great strength and energy. He worked for long periods with little sleep and traveled many thousands of miles. By the courage and determination expressed in his speeches, he inspired the people of Britain to keep on fighting. His speeches also gave hope to people in parts of Europe occupied by enemy forces.
In the general election at the end of the war, the Conservative Party, of which he was leader, was defeated. But he became Prime Minister again in 1951. He resigned as Prime Minister in 1955. However, he remained a member of parliament until 1964. Some time later, in 1965, he died.
1.Before World War I, Churchill worked for his country as ____.
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A．headmaster of Harrow School |
B．a leader of the Britain Navy |
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C．a leader of the Conservative Party |
D．Prime Minister of Britain |
2.How many times was Churchill elected Prime Minister?
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A．One. |
B．Two. |
C．Three. |
D．Four. |
3.What can we learn from Para. 4?
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A．In 1938 Churchill left the parliament. |
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B．Churchill's closest friends were against his attitude toward war. |
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C．Churchill's closest friends always inspired him to seek higher office. |
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D．Churchill and his closet friends served in the army before World War II. |
4.We can know all the following from the text EXCEPT that ____.
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A．Churchill gave up as Prime Minister in 1955 |
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B．Churchill once became a soldier, fighting in France |
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C．Churchill's speeches encouraged the British people to keep on fighting |
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D．Churchill led his army to fight bravely and defeated the enemy in World War I |
A boy was walking home from school when he saw a large, tempting( attracting) apple on one of the branches of an apple tree hanging out over a tall fence. The boy wasn’t much of a fruit-eater, __36_ a bar of chocolate if given the choice, 37, as they say, the forbidden fruit can be tempting. Seeing the apple, the boy wanted it. The more he looked at it, the __38__ he felt and the more he wanted that apple.
He stood on tiptoe, _39_as high as he could, but even at his tallest __40__he was unable to touch it. He began to __41__ up and down, as high as he could, at the _42 of each jump stretching his arms to get the apple. Still it remained out of _43_.
Not giving up, he thought, if only he had something to 44 on. His school bag wouldn’t give enough height and he didn’t want to 45 the things inside, like his lunch box, pencil box, pencil case, and Gameboy. Looking 46 , he hoped he might find an old box, a rock, or, 47 luck, even a ladder, but it was a tidy neighbourhood and there was nothing he could use.
He had tried everything he could think to do. 48 seeing any other choices, he gave up and started to walk 49 . At first, he felt angry and disappointed thinking about how hungry he had become from his 50 , and how he really wanted that apple. The more he 51 like this, the more unhappy he became.
52 , the boy of our story was a pretty smart guy, even if he couldn’t get what he wanted. He started to say to himself, “ This isn’t 53 . I don’t have the apple and I’m feeling sad as well. There is 54 more I can do to get the apple— that is unchangeable —but we are supposed to be able to 55 our feelings. If that is the case, what can I do to feel better.
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2.A so B then C. but D or
3.A. sadder B angrier C hungrier D. tastier
4.A. expanding B stretching C. swinging D. pulling
5.A. strength B length C. range D. height
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12.A for B. with C. on D. of
13.A. After B through C. without D. upon
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20.A change B. express C. forget D. describe
My English teacher gave us a suggestion yesterday, _____is often the case, ______ our monitor organize a debate after class.
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A．which, which |
B．which, that |
C．as, that |
D．as, which |
