短文改错（共10小题；毎小题1分，满分10分）
下面短文有10处语言错误，请在有错误的地方增加、删除或修改某个单词。
增加：在缺词处加一个漏字符号（＾）.并在其下面写出该加的词。
删除：把多余的词用斜线(\)划掉，
修改：在错的词下划一横线，在该行右边横线上写出改正后的词。
注意：1.每处错误及其修改均仅限一词.
2.只允许修改10处，多者（从第11处起）不计分
In 1929, three years after his flight over the North Pole, the American explorer, R.E. Byrd, successful flew over the South Pole for the first time. Therefore, at first, Byrd and his men were able to take great many photographs of the mountains that laid below, they soon ran into serious troubles. At one point, it seemed sure that their plane would crash. It could only get over the mountains if it raised to 10,000 feet. Byrd at once ordered his men to throw away two heavy food sacks. The plane was then able to rise and it cleared the mountains by 400 feet. Byrd then knew that he would be able to reach the South Pole which was 300 miles away, for there was no more mountains at sight. The aircraft was able to fly over the endless white plains without difficult.
下面文章中有5处需要添加小标题。请从以下选项（A,B,C,D,E和F）中选出符合各段意思的小标题。
A.Get adequate iron
B. Keep yourself hydrated.
C. Get enough calories
D. A little exercise goes a long way.
E. Eat a balanced, varied diet
F. Spread your calories throughout the day.
The Energy Diet
How can I lose weight when every time I go on a diet, I'm so exhausted that I can barely make it through the day? So goes the complaint of many men and women who are concerned about being overweight. What many people don't realize is that a healthful weight-loss plan can actually boost your energy. The key is to eat smart. And then combine this healthful diet with some physical activity. Here are six pointers to get you started.
1.____
Consume too few calories and you'll have less energy, and decrease the amount of calories burned. "That's because one of the ways the body protects itself from starvation is to slow down its metabolism," explains Dr. Donald Hensrud, a nutrition professor at the Mayo Clinic, in Rochester, Minn. So how many calories do you need to feel energized while also slimming down? A healthful weight-loss rate is roughly one-and-a-half pounds per week, and the calorie intake to achieve this depends on your age, weight, and activity level.
2.____
The key to keeping your energy level up when you diet is to eat balanced meals that supply all the nutrients you need. "Vitamins and minerals act like spark plugs," explains Kristine Clark, director of sports nutrition at Pennsylvania State University. "They help release the energy in nutrient-rich food." Try to follow USDA guidelines. They call for 6 to 11 servings per day from the bread, cereal, rice, and pasta group; three to five servings of vegetables; two to four of fruits; two or three of milk or cheese; two or three of meat, fish, or eggs. Avoid fried and creamy dishes, and keep consumption of sweets and desserts to a minimum.
3____
When you go for five to six hours without food, the amount of fuel in your system starts to run low, and you begin to feel tired. Therefore, says Kristine Clark, it's important to eat at regular intervals to keep your energy up. If you exercise, it's important to make sure you have "fuel in the tank" before you head for the gym. Avoid eating a large number of calories at one time, since it's harder to control your total calorie intake, making weight gain more likely.
4____
About 10% of women of childbearing age in the United States are iron deficient. Iron is essential for energy and endurance because it is a vital component of red blood cells, which carry oxygen to working muscles. "Fatigue and listlessness can be directly associated with too little iron," says Frances Berg, a licensed nutritionist in Hettinger, N.D. The best sources of iron are meat, poultry, and some fish. Other sources: fortified cereals, dried beans, dried fruits, and peas.
5____
"I don't have the energy to exercise!" say many dieters. Indeed, a 1998 survey, developed in part by the Center for Sports Medicine at Penn State, found that over 70% of respondents cited "too tired" or "lack of energy" as key reasons to skip exercising. Yet exercise is exactly what these people need. And, lastly, don't try to do too much too soon. Consider breaking your exercise into small units. Instead of trying to do 30 minutes in one chunk, accumulate exercise in short bouts （一场，一回）every day by mowing the lawn, walking to work, or climbing stairs instead of taking an elevator. It won't be long before you reap （收获）the rewards. Imagine carrying a 15-pound sack of groceries around all day. Then think about how much more energy you'd have if you put that sack down.
“Well, what did I say？Buck’s a real fighter, all right,” said Francois the next morning when he discovered that Spitz had disappeared and that Buck was covered in blood．
“Spitz fought like a wolf,” said Perrault, as he looked at the bites all over Buck．
“And Buck fought like ten wolves,” answered Francois. “And we'll travel faster now. No more Spitz，no more trouble.”
Francois started to harness the dogs. He needed a new lead-dog, and decided that Solleks was the best dog that he had. But Buck jumped at Solleks and took his place．
“Look at Buck！” said Francois，laughing. “He's killed Spitz，and now he wants to be lead-dog．Go away, Buck！”
He pulled Buck away and tried to harness Solleks again．Solleks was unhappy too. He was frightened of Buck, and when Francois turned his back，Buck took Solleks’ place again. Now Francois was angry．
“I'll show you! ” he cried，and went to get a heavy club from the sledge．
Buck remembered the man in the red coat，and moved away. This time，when Solleks was harnessed as lead-dog，Buck did not try to move in．He kept a few meters away and circled around Francois carefully. But when Francois called him to his old place in front of Dave, Buck refused．He had won his fight with Spitz and he wanted to be lead－dog．
For an hour the two men tried to harness him．Buck did not run away，but he did not let them catch him．Finally，Francois sat down，and Perrault looked at his watch．It was getting late. The two men looked at one another and smiled. Francois walked up to Solleks，took off his harness， led him back and harnessed him in his old place．Then he called Buck. All the other dogs were harnessed and the only empty place was now the one at the front. But Buck did not move．
“Put down the club,” said Perrault．
Francois dropped the club, and immediately Buck came up to the front of the team．Francois harnessed him, and in a minute the sledge was moving．
Buck was an excellent leader. He moved and thought quickly and led the other dogs well. A new leader made no difference to Dave and Solleks; they continued to pull hard．But the other dogs had had an easy life when Spitz was leading．They were surprised when Buck made them work hard and punished them for their mistakes. Pike，the second dog，was usually lazy；but by the end of the first day he was pulling harder than he had ever pulled in his life. The first night in camp Buck fought Joe，another difficult dog，and after that there were no more problems with him．The team started to pull together，and to move faster and faster．
“I've never seen a dog like Buck!” cried Francois, “Never! He's worth a thousand dollars. What do you think, Perrault? ”
Perrault agreed．They were moving quickly，and covering more ground every day. The snow was good and hard，and no new snow fell．The temperature dropped to 45°C below zero, and didn't change．
This time there was more ice on the Thirty Mile River, and they crossed in a day．Some days they ran a hundred kilometers，or even more. They reached Skagway in fourteen days; the fastest time ever．
1.The writer mentioned “the man in the red coat” in the passage to show that____.
A．the man in the red coat once beat Buck severely with a club.
B．Buck remembered Francois was the man in the red coat.
C．the man in the red was quite friendly to Buck in his memory.
D．Buck remembered Francois was a friend of the man in the red coat.
2. Why did Buck fight Joe the first night in camp?
A．He wanted to get rid of Joe.
B．He wanted to make some trouble.
C．He was interested in fighting with others.
D．He wanted to teach Joe a lesson.
3. According to the passage, which of the following is true about the other dogs?
A．Dave stood in the second position in the team.
B．Joe was always quite lazy in the team.
C．Pike was a trouble-maker in the team.
D．Solleks was hard-working in the team.
4. What did Francois think of Buck at the end of the passage?
A．annoying B．admirable C．aggressive D．average
5. Which of the following best shows that Buck was an excellent leader?
A．He killed Spitz at the beginning of the story.
B．He punished them for their mistakes.
C．He fought Joe the first night in camp.
D．They reached Skagway in the fastest time ever.
6.Which of the following is the best title for the passage?
A．The Fight with Dogs B．The New Lead-dog C．A Dog Called Buck D．A Real Fighter
We like to think our intelligence is self-made; it happens inside our heads, the product of our inner thoughts alone. But the rise of Google, Wikipedia and other online tools has made many people question the impact of these technologies on our brains. Is typing in “Who has played James Bond in the movies?” the same as our knowledge about the names like Roger Moore, Timothy Dalton, Pierce Brosnan and Daniel Craig? Can we say we know the answer as long as we know how to rapidly get the information on Google?
Here the question is about how we define intelligence itself. The answer appears to be interesting, because the evidence from psychological studies suggests that much of our intelligence comes from how we coordinate ourselves with other people and our environment.
An influential theory among psychologists is that we're cognitive misers(认知吝啬者). This is the idea that we are unwilling to do mental work unless we have to. We try to avoid thinking things fully when a short cut is available. If you've ever voted for the presidential candidate(总统候选人) with the most honest smile, or chosen a restaurant based on how many people are already sitting in there, then you are a cognitive miser. The theory explains why we'd much rather type a zip code into Google Maps than memorize and recall the location of a place – it's so much easier to do so.
Research shows that people don't tend to rely on their memories for things they can easily access. Buildings can somehow disappear from pictures we're looking at, or the people we're talking to can be changed with someone else, and often we won't notice – a phenomenon called “change blindness”. This isn't an example of human stupidity – far from it, in fact – this is an example of mental efficiency. The mind relies on the world as a better record than memory.
Philosophers have suggested that thinking is really happening in the environment as much as it is happening in our brains. The philosopher Andy Clark called humans "natural born cyborgs(电子人)", those naturally capable of absorbing and combining new tools, ideas and abilities. In Clark's view, the route to a solution is not the issue – having the right tools really does mean you know the answers, just as much as already knowing the answer.
Rather than being forced to rely on our own resources for everything, we can share our knowledge. Technology keeps track of things for us so we don't have to, while large systems of knowledge serve the needs of society as a whole. I don't know how a computer works, or how to grow vegetables, but that knowledge is out there and I can get to benefit. The internet provides even more potential to share this knowledge. Wikipedia is one of the best examples – an increasingly large database of knowledge from which everyone can benefit.
So as well as having a physical environment – like the rooms or buildings we live or work in – we also have a mental environment, which means that when I ask you where your mind is, you shouldn’t point toward the centre of your forehead. As research shows, our minds are made up just as much by the people and tools around us as they are by the brain cells inside our skull.
1.Why did the writer raise the questions in Paragraph 1?
A．To find out who has played James Bond in the movies.
B．To introduce the topic to be discussed in the passage.
C．To show that he knows the answer to the questions.
D．To attract readers’ attention by mentioning James Bond.
2.What is the writer’s attitude towards the rise of technologies like Google and Wikipedia?
A．Supportive B．Objective C．Indifferent D．Neutral
3. Which of the following might the philosopher Andy Clark agree with?
A．Intelligence is something that is made by one’s brain itself.
B．Intelligence is something that only happens inside one’s head.
C．Intelligence is the product of one’s inner thoughts alone.
D．Intelligence is a mixture of the environment, people and one’s brain cells.
4.It is true about the phenomenon called “change blindness” that human beings____.
A．are stupid not to notice the changes
B．are efficient in mental work
C．are blind to changes around them
D．rely on memory when dealing with things
5.According to the text, how do technologies like Google, Wikipedia affect us?
A．They make us much more intelligent.
B．They make us lazier and more stupid.
C．They have little to do with our intelligence.
D．They have a negative effect on our intelligence.
Below are descriptions of six famous states in the U. S.
California is a state located on the West Coast of the United States. It is the most populous U.S. state and was admitted as the 31st state on September 9, 1850.California's diverse geography ranges from the Pacific Coast in the west, to the Sierra Nevada mountains in the east. Earthquakes are a common occurrence due to the state's location along the Pacific Ring of Fire: about 37,000 are recorded annually. The California Gold Rush happened in San Francisco and there is also a famous Silicon Valley. Hollywood exists in Los Angeles, making it the center of entertainment. “The Golden State” has long been a popular designation for California and was made the official State Nickname in 1968.
Florida is a state in the southeastern region of the United States, bordered to the west by the Gulf of Mexico, to the north by Alabama and Georgia and to the east by the Atlantic Ocean. Miami is the largest metropolitan area in the southeastern United States.The climate varies from subtropical in the north to tropical in the south. Its economy relies mainly on tourism, agriculture, and transportation. Florida is also known for its amusement parks, the production of oranges, and the Kennedy Space Center. Florida has attracted many writers such as Marjorie Kinnan Rawlings, Ernest Hemingway and Tennessee Williams, and continues to attract celebrities and athletes. It is internationally known for golf, tennis, auto racing, and water sports.
Utah is a state in the Western United States. It became the 45th state admitted to the Union on January 4, 1896. Utah is the most religiously homogeneous state in the Union. Approximately 63% of Utahans are reported to be members of The Church of Jesus Christ of Latter-day Saints or LDS, which greatly influences Utah culture and daily life. The state is a center of transportation, education, information technology and research, government services, mining, and a major tourist destination for outdoor recreation.
Texas is the second most populous and the second-largest of the 50 states in the United States of America. Houston is the largest city in Texas and the fourth-largest in the United States. Texas is nicknamed the Lone Star State to signify Texas as a former independent republic and as a reminder of the state's struggle for independence from Mexico. The "Lone Star" can be found on the Texas state flag and on the Texas state seal today. The term "six flags over Texas" came from the several nations that had ruled over the territory. In 1845 it joined the United States as the 28th state. One Texas industry that thrived after the Civil War was cattle. Due to its long history as a center of the industry, Texas is associated with the image of the cowboy.
Virginia, is a U.S. state located in the South Atlantic region of the United States. Virginia is nicknamed the "Old Dominion" and the "Mother of Presidents" after the eight U.S. presidents born there. It is unique in how it treats cities and counties equally, manages local roads, and prohibits its governors from serving consecutive terms. Virginia's economy has many sectors: agriculture in the Shenandoah Valley; federal agencies in Northern Virginia, including the headquarters of the Department of Defense and CIA; and military facilities in Hampton Roads, the site of the region's main seaport. Virginia's public schools and many colleges and universities have contributed to growing media and technology sectors. As a result, computer chips have become the state's leading export.
Kentucky, is a state located in the east south-central region of the United States. In 1792 it became the 15th state to join the Union. Kentucky is known as the "Bluegrass State", a nickname based on the bluegrass found in many of its pastures because of the fertile soil. It is a land with diverse environments and abundant resources, including the world's longest cave system, Mammoth Cave National Park, the greatest length of navigable waterways and streams in the contiguous United States, and the two largest man-made lakes east of the Mississippi River.Kentucky is also home to the highest per capita number of deer and turkey in the United States.
1. Which state is called the “golden state” and why?
A．California, because of the gold rush.
B．Texas, because of the stars there.
C．Virginia, because of a famous mother there.
D．Kentucky, because of the famous “KFC” there.
2.The famous writer of “The Old Man and the Sea” once lived in____.
A．Virginia B．Texas C．California D．Florida
3. How is the correct time order for different states to join the U.S.?
A．California – Utah—Texas – Kentucky
B．Kentucky–Texas – California – Utah
C．Kentucky–California – Texas —Utah
D．California –Kentucky—Texas –Utah
4. Which of the following match is WRONG?
A．Cowboys in Texas.
B．Utah and religions.
C．Hollywood in Virginia.
D．Kennedy Space Center in Florida.
Surprises often come in boxes. Birthday presents wrapped in colorful paper, brown paper packages mailed from a friend. No matter what kind of box it is, people like to open it up and see what's inside. In America, and in many other countries, one special kind of box contains the future. It's called a ballot box. What people put into the box on election day can change the course of history.
Elections are the lifeblood of a democracy. The word democracy literally means "the people rule," an important concept in American history. In the mid-1700s, England began passing laws that made the American colonies angry. The colonists had to pay more and more taxes and enjoyed less and less freedom. They felt the government of England didn't represent their interests. On July 4, 1776, the colonies declared their independence from England. They wanted to establish a democracy where people could have a voice in government.
An effective democracy holds regular elections. In America, elections are held every two years for members of Congress. In these elections, all seats in the House of Representatives and one-third of the Senate seats are up for grabs. In addition, every four years, voters go to the polls to elect the nation's president and vice-president. Voters also regularly cast their ballots for state and city government leaders and local school board members. Sometimes they also have to vote on a proposed law.
In the American electoral system, people don't really vote for presidential candidates. Instead, voters cast their ballots for "electors" who support each candidate. Each state has as many electors as the total number of its representatives in Congress. This equals two senators per state plus the number of its representatives in the House (which is based on the state's population). The candidate who has the most votes in a state wins all of the state's electors. To win the presidential election, a candidate must gain at least 270 of the 538 total electoral votes.
Over the years, the U.S. has made a number of election reforms. Some early reforms outlawed cheating, giving bribes and threatening voters. They also limited the amount of money candidates could receive from donors and spend on their campaigns. In 1870, black people gained the right to vote, and in 1920, that right was extended to women. In recent decades, laws against unfair rules for voting have been passed. No longer do people have to pay a special tax or pass a test in order to vote. In 1971, the voting age was lowered to 18. Other reforms made voting easier for the blind, the disabled and people who couldn't read. In some areas, ballots had to be printed in languages besides English.
In November, Americans will again elect those who will represent them in government. Although some citizens aren't even registered to vote--and some registered voters don't bother to go to the polls--most Americans exercise their right to vote. They realize that their future is wrapped up in a special package--the ballot box. It's a package that must definitely be "handled with care."
1.According to the context, what does a “ballot box” mean in Chinese?
A．彩票箱 B．投票箱 C．礼品箱 D．保险箱
2.Democracy means that ____.
A．People couldn’t have a voice in a government.
B．In America, elections are held every four years for members of Congress.
C．Democracy is the lifeblood of elections.
D．Basically “ the people rule”, and it’s very important in American history.
3.How will the votes distributed if Romney got 20 votes while Obama received 17 votes in California in the election?
A．Romney will win 20 votes in California.
B．Obama will win 20 votes in California.
C．Romney will win 37 votes in California.
D．Obama will win 37 votes in California.
4. Which one is RIGHT about election reforms?
A．People have to pay a special tax to vote.
B．There are bribes and threatening in elections now.
C．People above eighteen years old can vote now.
D．The disabled or the blind have tough access to voting.
5. What’s the main idea of this passage?
A．Birthday boxes in the U.S. B．Election systems in the U.S.
C．Election reforms in the U.S. D．Democracy in the U.S.
