Dogs can know the meaning of a human perspective, say researchers.
Dogs are more capable of understanding situations from a human's point of view than has previously been recognized, according to researchers.
They found dogs were four times more likely to steal food they had been forbidden, when lights were turned off so humans in the room could not see.
This suggested the dogs were able to alter their behavior when they knew their owners' perspective had changed.
The study, published in Animal Cognition, conducted tests on eighty-four dogs.
The experiments had been trying to find whether dogs could make their behavior suitable to react to the changed circumstances of their human owners. It wanted to see if dogs had a "flexible understanding" that could show they understood the viewpoint of a human.
It found that when the lights were turned off, dogs in a room with their human owners were much more likely to disobey and steal forbidden food.
The study says it is "unlikely that the dogs simply forgot that the human was in the room" when there was no light. Instead it seems as though the dogs were able to differentiate between when the human was unable or able to see them.
Juliane Kaminski carried out the research into how dogs are influenced by human circumstances.
Dr Juliane Kaminski, from the University of Portsmouth's psychology department, said the study was "incredible because it implies dogs understand the human can't see them, meaning they might understand the human perspective".
Previous studies have suggested that although humans might think that they can recognize different expressions on their dogs' faces, this is often inaccurate and a projection of human emotions.
“Humans constantly attribute(归属) certain qualities and emotions to other living things. We know that our own dog is clever or sensitive, but that's us thinking, not them,” said Dr Kaminski.
“These results suggest humans might be right, where dogs are concerned, but we still can't be completely sure if the results mean dogs have a truly flexible understanding of the mind and others' minds. It has always been assumed only humans had this ability.
1.According to the passage, which of the following is TRUE?
A. The researchers made the test on dogs in eighty-four countries.
B. Dogs always obey and don’t steal forbidden food.
C. Dogs may adapt their behavior in response to the changed circumstances.
D. The research is carried out to find out how dogs are influenced by light.
2.Which of the following can best serve as the title of the passage?
A. Dogs---Our Loyal Companions Understand Us Most.
B. Dogs Are Our Best Friends.
C. Dogs Can Understand Us In a Way, Researchers Say.
D. Dogs Have Certain Qualities and Emotions of Human Beings, Researchers Say.
3.Where can we probably read this kind of articles?
A. Textbooks. B. Advertisements. C. Instructions. D. Magazines.
4.This passage can be classified as .
A. an argumentative writing B. a feature story
C. a dog show review D. a research result
“I like your smile, but unlike you put your shoes on my face”. A charming way of saying “Keep off the grass”. But could you figure it out? Or this: “Wash Clothing Store” for laundry.
They are both typical Chinglish, a combination of English vocabulary and Chinese grammar. Expressions such as “people mountain people sea”, means extremely crowded, and “give you some color to see”, meaning a punishment, are widely known and recognized.
Chinglish has been attracting global attention in recent years as China grows rapidly in status on the world stage, attracting both fans and detractors(批评者).
The Beijing Speaks Foreign Languages Programme and English First China Company, a language trainer known as EF Education, jointly launched a campaign to root out poor grammar and misused vocabulary in downtown Beijing. They argue Chinglish is an embarrassment that we should let it die out at all costs.
“It is meaningful to allow the capital to show its most beautiful historical and cultural heritage to the world." Michael Lu, vice-president of EF Education said, “since the launching of the campaign, foreign teachers and students had been very keen to volunteer participation.”He believed signs were very important in public services. "The signs in some old buildings confused foreign visitors.
Chinglish, although the target of much criticism, has also won supporters who regard it as an interesting way for foreigners to learn how Chinese people think and express themselves.
“Many Chinglish logos carry Chinese elements and they will enrich the English language,” 32-year-old Oliver Radtke said. He had even published a book “Chinglish: Found in Translation,” on the subject. About 50,000 copies of the book have been sold since it was published in 2007.
Some Chinese university experts also side with Chinglish. "English has absorbed elements from other languages such as French and Spanish in its growth, and the emergence of Chinglish again testifies(说明) to the language’s vitality and inclusiveness," said Shi Anbin, an associate professor of Tsinghua University.
1.How did Chinglish come into being?
A. Chinese people misunderstood the meaning of the new words.
B. Chinese people combined English vocabulary with Chinese grammar.
C. Chinese people based their English on the native English speakers.
D. Chinese people make wide use of English vocabulary with bad spelling.
2.What Shi Anbin said means .
A. there are many French and Spanish words in English
B. English is the language with vitality and inclusiveness
C. Chinglish enriches English and shouldn’t be got rid of
D. Chinglish has greater effect on English than French and Spanish
3.According to Oliver Radtke, Chinglish .
A. shows how Chinese people think
B. does damage to the English language
C. shows the great humor of Chinese people
D. should be sold to all over the world
Once again, I was in a new school. So was a girl in my class named Paris. That's where the similarities ended.
I was tall and she was small. My thick, black hair had been recently cut short. Her natural blonde hair flowed to her waist and looked great. I was awkward and shy. She wasn't. I couldn't stand her. I considered her my enemy. She liked me. She wanted to be friends.
One day, she invited me over and I said yes — I was too shocked to answer any other way. No one had invited me over to play. But this girl who wore the latest fashions wanted me to go home with her after school.
I got very surprised when she led me into an apartment building. She lived on the fourth floor in a two-room place with her mother, her stepfather, her two brothers and her sister.
When we got to the room she shared with her sister, she took out a big case of Barbies — which was my next surprise. I would have thought she'd outgrown them. I had never played with them. But we sat on the floor of a walk-in closet, laughing as we made up crazy stories about the Barbies. That's when we found out that we both wanted to be writers when we were older and we both had wild imaginations.
We had a great day that afternoon. Our jaws ached from smiling so much. She showed me her wardrobe, which had mostly come from a designer clothing store down the block. The woman who owned it used her as a model sometimes for her newspaper ads and gave her clothes in exchange.
Paris had the whole neighborhood charmed. The bookstore owners lent her fashion magazines, the movie theater gave her free passes and the pizza place let her have free slices. Soon I was included in her magic world. We slept over at each other's houses, spent every free moment together. My dark hair grew out and I learned to love being tall.
Paris, my first real friend since childhood, taught me an amazing and very surprising thing about making friends: that your worst enemy can turn out to be your best friend.
1.The writer and Paris were similar in that .
A. they were both new students
B. both of them were friendly
C. both of them were tall
D. they were both the youngest in class
2.In the article the writer described Paris as a girl who was .
A. awkward and shy B. fashionable and proud
C. quiet and lonely D. friendly and lovely
3.What did the writer learn from Paris?
A. How to make best use of her neighborhood.
B. How to dress and look fashionable.
C. How to become a good writer
D. How to make friends.
4.From the article, we can see that through her friendship with Paris, the writer .
A. found she and Paris had more similarities than differences
B. was able to fit in at her new school with Paris’ help
C. was not so awkward or shy as before
D. learned more about fashion herself
阅读下面短文，从短文后各题的A、B、C、D四个选项中，选出合适填入对应空白处的最佳选项，并在答题卡上将该选项涂黑。
I had been playing hockey (冰球)for about 10 years, I was always the one sitting at the end of the bench, and 26 got into a game.I went to all the 27 and showed up even when it was so 28 that your ‘breath froze’ and when players had decided to stay home. I felt I had 29 enough and thought of quitting”
I finally decided to 30 the news to my mom that I was leaving the team. My mom may have looked like a tiny and quiet lady but on 31 my words, she said, “Remember, ‘A quitter never wins and a winner never quits.’ Your mother didn’t raise 32 , so think about yourself in a 33 way and see yourself as a winner!” So I worked harder than ever at getting in better shape, 34 my shot accuracy and changing my 35 .
Once in a match, we 36 our first game badly. What’s worse, one of our best players got hurt. I was sitting at my 37 place, at the end of the bench, when the coach came over and told me I was going 38 . I was nervous, excited and terrified all at the same time.
The opposing team was fast and I had to admit I was a little 39 . But my mom’s words 40 out in my head like a church bell. Instead of being afraid, I was “pumped” and I very quickly found that all my 41 work was paying off. I was as fast a skater as anyone else on the ice, and I seemed to get the 42 to score. The crowd went quiet. All the time I spent on the ice when everyone had gone home had 43 me for this moment.
Won! I won!
The lesson I learned from my mom’s 44 has stayed with me over the years. I hear them whenever I am faced with a challenge, or whenever I 45 myself.
1.A. once B. seldom C. usually D. even
2.A. meetings B. shows C. matches D. practices
3.A. cloudy B. wet C. cold D. windy
4.A. suffered B. explained C. planned D. escaped
5.A. write B. break C. read D. report
6.A. noticing B. gathering C. hearing D. analyzing
7.A. talkers B. dreamers C. attackers D. losers
8.A. positive B. familiar C. brief D. convenient
9.A. testing B. improving C. questioning D. affecting
10.A. aim B. taste C. habit D. attitude
11.A. lost B. controlled C. practiced D. continued
12.A. usual B. safe C. secret D. private
13.A. off B. in C. by D. up
14.A. annoyed B. awkward C. scared D. bitter
15.A. ran B. gave C. stood D. rang
16.A. delicate B. extra C. creative D. casual
17.A. chance B. message C. order D. note
18.A. spared B. requested C. prepared D. sent
19.A. actions B. reasons C. words D. promises
20.A. judge B. express C. comfort D. doubt
I’m blessed with a happy family, _______ that most people would like to have.
A. it B. the one C. one D. that
_____ has been introduced to the students to help them make progress.
A. Many books as well as advice
B. Some advice as well as many books
C. Not only some advice but also many books
D. Some advice and many books
