A study of more than five million books, both fiction and non-fiction, has found a marked decline in the use of emotional words over time. The researchers form the University of Bristol used Google Ngram Viewer, a facility for finding the frequency of terms in scanned books, to search for more than 600 particular words identified as representing anger, dislike, fear, joy, sadness and surprise.
They found that almost all of the categories showed a drop in these “mood words” over time. Only in the category of fear was there an increase in usage.
“It is a steady and continuous decrease,” said Dr Alberto Acerbi. He assumed that the result might be explained by a change in the position occupied by literature, in a crowded media landscape. “One thing could be that in parallel to books the 20th century saw the start of other media. Maybe these media — movies, radio, drama, had more emotional content than books.”
Although both joy and sadness followed the general downwards trend, the research, published in the journal PLOS One, found that they also exhibited another interesting behaviour：the ratio (比率) between the two varied greatly, apparently mirroring historical events.
During the Roaring Twenties the joy-to-sadness ratio reached a peak that would not occur again until before the recent financial crash. But the ratio plunged at the height of the Second World War. Nevertheless, the researchers held a reserved opinion about their claim that their result reflected wider social trends. In the paper, they even argue that the reverse could be true.
“It has been suggested, for example, that it was the suppression (压抑) of desire in ordinary Elizabethan English life that increased demand for writing ‘filled with romance and sex’… perhaps,” they conclude, “songs and books may not reflect the real population any more than catwalk models reflect the average body.”
1.The word "decline" (paragraph 1) is closest in meaning to_________.
A. increase B. rise C. decrease D. change
2.A study of more than five million books indicated a decrease in “mood words” over time except_______.
A. in the use of the words of historical events
B. in the category of fear
C. in the category of literature
D. in the category of joy
3.What’s the main idea of this passage?
A. A study of emotional words.
B. A study about vocabulary in literature.
C. Reasons for the use of emotional words decreases in literature.
D. A study on increase in the category of fear.
“Don't worry if you have problems!” It is easy to say until you are in the midst of a really big one. The only people who don't have troubles are gathered in little neighborhoods. Most communities have at least one. We call them cemeteries. If you're breathing, you have difficulties. It's the way of life. And believe it or not, most of your problems may actually be good for you! Let me explain.
Maybe you have heard the Great Barrier Reef, stretching some 1,800 miles from New Guinea to Australia. Tour guides regularly take visitors to view the reef.
On one tour, a traveler asked the guide an interesting question. "I notice that the lagoon (泻湖) side of the reef looks pale and lifeless, while the ocean side is vibrant and colorful," the traveler observed. Why is this?
The guide gave an interesting answer, "The coral around the lagoon side is in still water, with no challenge for its survival. It dies early. The coral on the ocean side is constantly being tested by wind, waves and storms. It has to fight for its survival every day. As it is challenged and tested, it changes and adapts. It grows healthy. It grows strong. And it reproduces."
Then he added, “That's the way it is with every living organism.”
That's how it is with people. Challenged and tested, we come alive! Like coral pounded by the sea, we grow. Physical demands can cause us to grow stronger. Mental and emotional stress can produce tough-mindedness and resiliency. Spiritual testing can produce strength of character and faithfulness. So, you have problems? No problem! Just tell yourself, "There I grow again!"
Remember: A smooth sea never made a skilled mariner.
1.Who has no problems according to the passage?
A. The persons who are very famous.
B. The persons who have much money.
C. The persons who have been born.
D. The persons who are living in the cemeteries.
2.In the writer's opinion, ________.
A. problems bring us much trouble
B. problems have two sides, good or bad
C. we should try to stay away from any trouble
D. the fewer things we do, the less trouble we'll meet
3.The reason why lagoon side of the reef has no life is _______.
A. it hasn't got any sunlight
B. it has less energy than others
C. it never faces any challenge and tests
D. it has no work to do every day
4.After reading this passage, we should ________.
A. regard any problem as challenge
B. learn from the lagoon side
C. worry your problem
D. enter into cemeteries
全球气候变暖是目前人类面临的最大环境问题。请你根据以下提示，写一篇英语短文,为“节能减排”献计献策。
背景: 随着经济的发展，更多的温室气体被排放，其中大约70%为二氧化碳，这也是全球变暖的主要原因之一。
后果：海平面上升；自然灾害频繁。
措施: 1.多使用清洁能源，少用煤、油；
2.在可能的情况下以步代车；
3……
要求: 短文必须包括以上提到的的所有内容要点，可适当发挥。 2. 词数:100左右。
此题要求改正所给句子中的错误。如有错误（每行只有一个错误），则按下列情况改正：
此行多一个词：把多余的词在原句中用斜线（\）划掉。
此行缺一个词：在缺词处加一漏字符号（Λ），并将所缺词写在该处。
此行错一个词：在错的词下面划一横线，并在横线下方写出改正后的词。
All of us need friendship. An understanding between two friends mean both of them have similar ideas and trusting each other. Otherwise, it is impossible for him to help each other and to make their friendship to last long. As an old saying goes, “A friend in need is a friend indeed.” So really friendship should able to stand all sorts of tests. And it is wise to have as many good friends that we can. The more fiends we have, the more we can learn for one another, but the more pleasure we can share together.
1.He a________ a little girl whose parents had been killed in the earthquake.
2.The teacher doesn’t think that the t___________ of the Tang poem is very good.
3.The e___________ of the volcano is really exciting to watch.
4.Running a marathon will leave you b___________.
5.Some poems tell a story, others try to c________ certain emotions.
6.Frick had a __________ (喜爱) for pre-twentieth century Western paintings.
7.These advice might help you to stop and ___________(加强) your resolve.
8.It is human activity that has caused global warming rather than a random but natural _______________(现象).
9.The earth’s temperature is due to the burning of fossil _________ (燃料).
10.Her voice was full of _________(焦虑)
In many countries, ___1.___ is not unusual for families of different backgrounds to live together in the shared space. __2.__, in the United States, this idea may still be considered strange.
But this type of housing, ___3.___(call) co-housing, is gaining ___4.__ (popular) in the United States, too. Co-housing complexes are popping up across the country. For many people, this way of life is a relief to the busy modern lifestyle. A co-housing community has __5.___ (private) owned houses and shared land. There is often a “common house” with _6.___ kitchen and dining room, meeting room, and maybe a workshop of library or music room. About 25 co-housing communities __7.__ (build) in recent years, and 150 more are planned.
A co-housing complex is a place _8.___ residents shop, cook, and eat together. Residents of a co-housing complex like its sense of shared community. Children have other kids to play __9.__, which many families like. Other residents like the feeling of living in a “village”. Residents also say that they can live in co-housing for __10.___ money than they would pay for nearby apartments.
